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研究生： 聶瀚明
Hamid Nalbandian Abhar
論文名稱： Two-Phase Heat Transfer of Refrigerants HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf in Small Channels
指導教授： 楊建裕
Chien-Yuh Yang
口試委員:
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年： 2021
畢業學年度： 109
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 155
中文關鍵詞： 流動沸騰 、流動冷凝 、微小管 、微流道 、兩相流 、熱傳係數
外文關鍵詞： flow boiling, flow condensation, small tube, microchannel, two-phase flow, heat transfer coefficient
相關次數： 點閱：11  下載：0 
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    • 因應全球暖化問題，各國訂定法規將逐漸淘汰氫氟碳化合物的使用(hydrofluorocarbon，簡稱HFC，為常見冷媒)。其中1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷（HFC-134a）是用於小型冰箱與汽車空調中的冷媒，更是已經在歐盟被全面禁用，因此尋找替代性冷媒迫在眉睫。近年來一種新型冷媒問世—2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯（HFO-1234yf），其為熱力性質和HFC-134a相近的氫氟烯烴（Hydrofluoroolefins，簡稱HFO），且其全球暖化潛勢（Global warming potential，簡稱GWP）又在規範之內，是有望取代HFC-134a的冷媒。然而目前關於HFO-1234yf的熱傳性能研究卻少之又少，應用在空調系統內微流道熱交換器中的更是寥寥無幾，如果是水力直徑小於0.9mm的微流道研究則是完全沒有。
    本研究針使用直徑4mm的圓管及水力直徑0.5mm的正方形平行流道扁平管作為測試段，量測HFC-134a及HFO-1234yf的沸騰及冷凝熱傳性能、壓降，並使用冷媒熱力性質、實驗條件差異、流譜等因素對實驗結果進行詮釋。由於不同的實驗條件下會造成不同的流譜，進而導致不同熱力性質對熱傳、壓降結果的影響比重改變，因此HFC-134a及HFO-1234yf的結果差異也會相應的做出轉換。此種假設同時也可以解釋過去文獻中的不一致之處。
    本研究的另一個目的是探討流道幾何形狀對於微流道熱傳表現的影響。實驗結果顯示表面張力對於方形微流道的熱傳影響甚鉅，表面張力會將液體聚集至方形流道的角落，使得管壁的液膜變得非常薄，進而提升熱傳性能。而除了表面張力之外，液體黏滯性、液體熱傳導係數也都是影響方形微流道熱傳性的的主要原因。

    The hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) HFO-1234yf has similar thermodynamic properties to ‎HFC-134a but a considerably lower global ‎warming potential‎. HFO-1234yf is a favorable ‎candidate to replace the refrigerant HFC-134a in the near ‎future. However, few studies have ‎examined the ‎flow boiling and condensation heat transfer performance of ‎HFO-1234yf. ‎Microchannel heat exchangers have been commonly used in air conditioning ‎systems in vehicles due to their low weight and low air-side pressure drops. However, no ‎‎experimental study has been conducted on the flow boiling and condensation heat ‎transfer performance of HFO-‎‎1234yf in microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of less than ‎‎0.9 mm.‎
    In this study, an experimental analysis was conducted on the flow boiling and condensation heat ‎transfer, and pressure drops of HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a in a small ‎circular tube ‎with an inner diameter of 4mm and a square parallel microchannel with a hydraulic ‎diameter of 0.5 mm. ‎The test results indicate that the pressure drop, flow boiling, ‎and condensation heat ‎transfer performance depend on the fluid properties, flow ‎conditions, and flow patterns. The ‎pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients of HFO-‎‎1234yf and HFC-134a are strongly affected by their two-phase flow patterns at various flow ‎conditions. Flow pattern ‎analysis can explain the inconsistency between the results of this ‎study and those of previous studies on the flow boiling and condensation heat transfer and pressure of HFC-‎‎134a and HFO-‎‎1234yf.‎
    One purpose of this study was to determine the effects of channel geometry on the flow ‎boiling and condensation inside a microchannel. The experimental results indicate that the‎ ‎surface tension drainage force has crucial effects on the flow boiling and condensation heat ‎‎transfer in square channels, especially for small channels. The surface tension drainage ‎force ‎pulls the liquid at the wall to the corner of square microchannels. This drainage ‎force causes a ‎very thin liquid film to remain on the tube wall. Surface tension, liquid viscosity, ‎and liquid ‎conductivity are the major factors affecting the flow boiling and ‎condensation heat transfer in ‎square microchannels.‎

    ABSTRACT (中文) i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vii List of Tables xii NOMENCLATURE xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Research Objectives 16 1.3. Overview of this study 17 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 18 2.1. Heat Transfer Performance of HFO-1234yf in Flow Boiling 18 2.2. Condensation Heat Transfer Performance of HFO-1234yf 27 2.3. Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Flow Pattern Map of HFO-1234yf 32 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY AND METHOD 37 3.1. Experimental System 37 3.1.1. Test Sections 37 3.1.2. Test Section Length Selection 38 3.1.3. Refrigerant Loop 40 3.1.4. Heating/Cooling Water Loop 40 3.1.5. Pre-Heater Water Loop 41 3.1.6. Sub-Cool Loop 41 3.1.7. Temperature Measurement 43 3.1.8. Pressure Measurement 43 3.1.9. Flow Control 43 3.1.10. Flow Measurement 43 3.1.11. DC Power Supply 44 3.2. Experimental Procedure 44 3.2.1. Leakage Test 44 3.2.2. Charging the System 44 3.2.3. System Operation 45 3.2.4. Data Recording 45 3.3. Data Reduction 46 3.3.1. Pressure Drop 46 3.3.2. Heat Transfer Coefficient 48 3.3.3. Modified Wilson Plot Method 53 3.3.4. System Uncertainty 58 CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 61 4.1. Single-phase Pressure Drop of Small Tube and Microchannel 61 4.2. Single-phase Heat Transfer of Small Tube and Microchannel 61 4.3. Two-phase Pressure Drop of Small Tube 64 4.3.1. Flow Boiling Pressure Drop in Small Tube 64 4.3.2. Condensation Pressure Drop in Small Tube 64 4.3.3. Correlation Comparison for Flow Boiling and Condensation Pressure Drop in Small Tube 69 4.4. Flow Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Tube 72 4.4.1. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Tube 72 4.4.2. Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Tube 75 4.4.3. Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlation Comparison 78 4.5. Two-phase Pressure Drop in Microchannel 81 4.5.1. Flow Boiling Pressure Drop in Microchannel 81 4.5.2. Condensation Pressure Drop in Microchannel 83 4.5.3. Correlation Comparison for Flow Boiling and Condensation Pressure Drop in Microchannel 86 4.6. Flow Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient in Microchannel 89 4.6.1. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient in Microchannel 89 4.6.2. Correlation Comparison for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient in Microchannel 92 4.6.3. Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient in Microchannel 94 4.6.4. ‎Correlation Comparison for Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient‎ in Microchannel 97 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 99 5.1.1. Effects of the Flow Pattern and Channel Geometry on the Heat Transfer 99 5.1.2. Flow Patterns in Small tube 99 5.1.3. Effects of Flow Pattern and Microchannel Geometry on Heat Transfer 102 5.1.4. Comparison of the Heat Transfer in Square and Circular Channels 105 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 107 6.1. Effects of Flow Pattern on Heat Transfer 107 6.2. Effects of Channel Geometry on Heat Transfer 108 REFERENCES 110 PUBLICATIONS 116 APPENDIX I Two-phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations 117 APPENDIX II Heat Transfer and Friction Factor 123 APPENDIX III Channel Size Definition 126 APPENDIX IV Wilson Plot Experiment Data 127 APPENDIX V Equipment Calibration Data 135

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