鐵基塊狀金屬玻璃熱塑成形性之研究｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	李鎮谷 Chen-Ku Li
論文名稱：	鐵基塊狀金屬玻璃熱塑成形性之研究 The study of thermoplastic forming ability on Fe-based bulk metallic glass
指導教授：	鄭憲清 Shian-Ching Jang
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 材料科學與工程研究所 Graduate Institute of Materials Science & Engineering
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	113
中文關鍵詞：	鐵基非晶質合金、過冷液相區、熱塑成形
外文關鍵詞：	Bulk amorphous steel, Supercooled liquid region,, Thermoplastic forming
相關次數：	點閱：11 下載：0
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本研究使用真空電弧熔煉結合真空吸鑄法製備Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2合金，經由X光繞射與示差掃瞄熱分析結果初步判定為非晶結構，進一步由DSC的分析可得知其玻璃形成能力指標Trg為0.59、γ為0.4、γm為0.69，且其過冷液相區(ΔTx)為74 K。為了進一步了解鐵基非晶質合金的熱塑形成能力，使用熱機械分析儀測量於過冷液相區，觀察樣品隨著溫度變化所產生的形狀變化，得知鐵基非晶質合金熱塑變形軟化點為903 K，鐵基非晶質合金的黏滯流黏度隨溫度與應變速率上升均呈現下降趨勢。
依據示差掃瞄熱分析與熱機械分析儀分析結果，在不同溫度(873 K、883 K、893 K與903 K)、不同應變速率下(5x10-2 s-1~1x10-3 s-1)下針對2 mm鐵基非晶質棒材進行壓縮測試，進一步探討在過冷液相區之變形行為。結果顯示，同溫度下，隨著應變速率上升、流變應力隨之增加；再者，當應變速率高於5x10-2 s-1時，所有試片於測試後均破裂。由於鐵基非晶質合金軟化點相對溫度較高，所需的升溫時間較長，鐵基非晶質合金內部開始產生結晶現象，因此當應變速率太低時會導致試片有硬化現象。綜觀加工溫度與應變速率工作窗，最佳熱塑成形加工條件為加工溫度873 K，應變速率2.5x10-3 s-1。

A Fe-based bulk amorphous steel (BAS), Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2, was successfully fabricated by suction casting and confirmed its amorphous state by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The Tg, Tx, γ, γm and ΔT are 832 K, 906 K, 0.4, 0.69, and 74 K, respectively. The thermoplastic deformation during supercooled liquid region was firstly investigated by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA).
TMA results reveal that the viscosity decreases with increasing temperature under the same strain rate and no specimen is deformable under the strain rate of 5x10-2 s-1 or higher. Based on the TMA results, the lowest viscosity is about 5x1010 Pa‧s. The thermoplastic deformation behavior of Fe-based BAS was investigated at different temperatures within the supercooled temperature region (namely 873 K, 883 K, 893 K, 903 K) with different strain rate (5x10-2 s-1~1x10-3s-1). The Fe-based BAS only exhibits Newtonian flow at lower strain rate (less than 5x10-3 s-1 at 873 K~883 K, and less than 7.5x10-3 s-1 at 893 K~903 K). Moreover, the Fe-based BAS was fractured during thermoplastic forming process at strain rate higher than 5x10-2 s-1. TEM analysis were carry out for further investigating the amorphous state of the as cast sample and the sample after thermoplastic forming. The Fe-based BAS sample after thermoplastic forming at 903 K with 2.5x10-3 s-1 strain rate was found to have some nano-size crystalline particles embedded locally in amorphous matrix.

目錄
中文摘要    I
Abstract    II
致謝    III
目錄    V
表目錄    IX
圖目錄    X
第一章  緒論    1
1-1前言    1
1-2 研究方法及目的    3
第二章  基礎理論    10
2-1 非晶質合金    10
2-1-1序化與非序化    10
2-2 非晶質合金發展    11
2-3 非晶質合金種類    12
2-3-1 鐵基非晶質合金系統    13
2-4 非晶質合金之設計與製作    13
2-4-1 實驗歸納法則    13
2-4-2 非晶質合金製程    15
2-5 非晶質合金性質    17
2-5-1 熱力學    17
2-5-1-1 特徵溫度    17
2-5-1-2 玻璃形成能力    18
2-5-2 熱性質分析    20
2-5-2-1熱性質分析-非恆溫分析Kissinger plot    20
2-5-2-2熱性質分析-恆溫結晶率測試    20
2-5-2-3熱性質分析-自由體積(退火測試)    21
2-5-3 機械性質    21
2-5-3-1維氏硬度測試    22
2-5-3-2破裂韌性    23
2-5-3-3奈米壓痕    23
2-5-4熱機械性質分析    24
2-5-4-1熱機械分析儀    24
2-5-4-2黏滯流計算(Viscosity)    25
2-5-4-3熱膨脹係數    26
2-5-4-4剪切轉化區    26
2-5-4-5應變速率敏感係數m值    27
第三章  實驗步驟與方法    32
3-1 實驗目的    32
3-2 合金材料製備    32
3-2-1 合金配置    32
3-2-2 合金融煉    33
3-2-3真空吸鑄法    33
3-3 材料性質分析    34
3-3-1 X光繞射儀    34
3-3-2熱性質分析    34
3-3-3成分分析    35
3-3-4塊材硬度與楊氏模數量測    35
3-3-5熱機械性質分析(TMA)    36
3-4熱塑加工成形性測試    36
3-4-1壓縮測試(MTS)    36
3-4-2熱塑成形    37
3-4-3微結構分析    37
3-4-3-1掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)    37
3-4-3-2穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)    37
第四章  結果與討論    51
4-1鑄造態    51
4-1-1 X光繞射分析    51
4-1-2非恆溫熱性質分析    51
4-1-3恆溫熱性質分析    52
4-1-4成分分析    53
4-1-5掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)    53
4-1-6穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)    54
4-1-7熱機械分析(TMA)    54
4-2退火測試    56
4-2-1 X光繞射分析    56
4-2-2非恆溫熱性質分析    56
4-2-3機械性質    56
4-3熱塑成形    57
4-3-1 X光繞射分析    57
4-3-2熱壓縮測試    57
4-3-3 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)    61
4-3-4 穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)    61
4-3-5熱塑成形-齒輪    62
第五章 結論    86
第六章 參考文獻    88

表目錄
表2- 1. 鐵基金屬玻璃分類    28
表4- 1. 鐵基非晶質合金之元素混合熱表 (單位: kJ/mol)    63
表4- 2. 鐵基系統之原子半徑分布 (單位: nm)    63
表4- 3. 熱性質分析 (單位: K)    63
表4- 4. 玻璃形成能力分析 (單位: K)    63
表4- 5. 鑄鐵及硼鐵成分 (at %)    64
表4- 6. 經由EPMA分析鐵基非晶質塊材成分 (at %)    64
表4- 7. 退火處理後之非恆溫熱性質分析 (單位： J‧mg-1‧K-1)    64
表4- 8. 鐵基非晶質合金之硬度、破裂韌性及楊氏模數    65
表4- 9. MTS熱塑成形試驗所得之流變應力 (單位：MPa)    65












圖目錄
圖1  1. 材料顯微結構 (a)非晶質合金結構材料 (b)傳統結晶結構材料    4
圖1- 2. 非晶質合金熱分析曲線圖    4
圖1- 3. 金屬玻璃經過不同溫度退火處理前後比較圖    5
圖1- 4. 結晶材料與非晶材料在熔點下之結構差異    5
圖1- 5. 非晶質材料與一般結晶材料之X光繞射分析比較    6
圖1- 6. 非晶質材料與其他結晶材料內部晶粒尺寸比較    6
圖1- 7. 各元素半徑尺寸大小    7
圖1- 8. 歷年來各基材棒材可達最大直徑    7
圖1- 9. 原子獲得能量跳躍示意圖    8
圖1- 10. 運用Zr-Al-Ni-Cu非晶質合金製成之高爾夫球頭    8
圖1- 11. 熱塑成形齒輪示意圖    9
圖1- 12運用Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be非晶質合金製作微機電系統    9
圖2- 1. 撞擊激冷法    28
圖2- 2. 具較深共晶點之合金相圖    29
圖2- 3. 非晶質材料與一般材料之拉伸強度、硬度比較    29
圖2- 4. 維克式硬度壓痕示意圖    30
圖2- 5. 奈米壓痕儀結構圖    30
圖2- 6. 奈米壓痕負載-深度圖    30
圖2- 7. 奈米壓痕剖面圖    31
圖2- 8. 於過冷液相區壓應力下試片演變圖    31
圖2- 9. 一般鋯基非晶質合金脆裂弛豫時間範例圖    31
圖3- 1. 實驗流程    38
圖3- 2. 合金配置原料    38
圖3- 3. 電子天秤外觀    39
圖3- 4. 電弧融煉腔體    39
圖3- 5. (a)電弧融煉使用之氬焊機 (b)電弧熔煉腔體內部結構圖    40
圖3- 6. 真空吸鑄爐體    40
圖3- 7. (a)真空吸鑄使用之氬焊機 (b)吸鑄式鑄造結構圖    41
圖3- 8. ψ2-3-4 mm銅模    41
圖3- 9. ψ2-3-4 mm 棒材    42
圖3- 10. 鑽石慢速切割機    42
圖3- 11. 研磨製具    43
圖3- 12. X光繞射分析儀    43
圖3- 13. Mettler DSC分析儀    44
圖3- 14. Netzsch 高溫DSC分析儀    44
圖3- 15. 高解析度場發射電子微探儀 (FE-EPMA)    45
圖3- 16. 維克氏硬度試驗機    45
圖3- 17.奈米壓痕試驗機    46
圖3- 18. 熱機械分析儀TMA    46
圖3- 19. 萬能試驗機    47
圖3- 20. 加熱設備及萬能試驗機組    47
圖3- 21. (a)壓縮模具組 (b)壓縮測試示意圖    48
圖3- 22. 試驗之棒材 (ψ4mm棒材，左為俯視圖，右為側視圖)    48
圖3- 23. 齒輪製造模具    48
圖3- 24. 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM)    49
圖3- 25. 聚焦離子束儀器 (FIB)    49
圖3- 26. 穿透式電子顯微鏡 (TEM)    50
圖4- 1. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2之4 mm棒材XRD圖    66
圖4- 2. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材在不同升溫速率下之DSC圖    66
圖4- 3. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材Tg及Tx線性回歸圖    67
圖4- 4. 運用Kissinger plot圖計算活化能    67
圖4- 5. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材在不同升溫速率下之HTDSC圖    68
圖4- 6. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材熔點線性回歸圖    68
圖4- 7. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材在不同恆溫溫度下之放熱峰DSC圖    69
圖4- 8. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材之結晶率與時間關係圖    69
圖4- 9. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2鑄造態之表面結構形貌圖 (a)100倍 (b) 500倍 (c) 1000倍 (d) 5000倍 (e) 10000倍 (f) 30000倍    70
圖4- 10. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2鑄造態之TEM微結構分析 (a)10000倍 (b)10000倍 (c)100000倍 (d)100000倍    71
圖4- 11. 熱機械分析 (TMA)    72
圖4- 12. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材之黏性流對溫度關係圖    72
圖4- 13. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2運用TMA結果計算之黏性對應變速率關係圖    73
圖4- 14. 於773 K下進行不同持溫時間之退火處理試片XRD圖    73
圖4- 15. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材經不同時間退火處理後之DSC圖    74
圖4- 16. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2基材經不同時間退火處理後之DSC放大圖    74
圖4- 17. 2 mm棒材於873 K下熱塑成形前後XRD比較圖    75
圖4- 18. 2 mm棒材於883 K下熱塑成形前後XRD比較圖    75
圖4- 19. 2 mm棒材於893 K下熱塑成形前後XRD比較圖    76
圖4- 20. 2 mm棒材於903 K下熱塑成形前後XRD比較圖    76
圖4- 21. 熱塑成形壓縮測試前後比較圖 (a)俯視圖 (b)側視圖    77
圖4- 22. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2在不同溫度、不同應變速率下之真實應力-真實應變曲線圖 (a)873 K (b)883 K (c)893 K (d)903 K    79
圖4- 23. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2壓縮試驗結果計算黏度與應變速率關係圖    79
圖4- 24. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2在相同應變速率下溫度與流變應力之關係圖    80
圖4- 25. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成形結果計算應變速率敏感指數m值    80
圖4- 26. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成形齒輪之表面結構形貌圖 (a)100倍 (b) 500倍 (c) 1000倍 (d) 5000倍 (e) 10000倍 (f) 30000倍    81
圖4- 27. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成形齒輪之內部剖面結構 (a)100倍 (b) 500倍 (c) 1000倍 (d) 5000倍 (e) 10000倍 (f) 30000倍    82
圖4- 28. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成形後(873 K, 2.5x10-1 s-1)之TEM微結構分析 (a)10000倍 (b)10000倍 (c)100000倍 (d)100000倍 (e)10000倍 (f)10000倍    83
圖4- 29. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成形後(903 K, 2.5x10-1 s-1)之TEM微結構分析 (a)10000倍 (b)10000倍 (c)100000倍 (d)100000倍    84
圖4- 30. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2熱塑成型後之結晶相擇區繞射分析 (a) YC2花狀析出物zone axis[331] (b) (Cr0.5Mo0.5)B2結晶相，zone axis[234]    85
圖4- 31. Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2於773 K應變速率2.5x10-3 s-1下進行熱塑成形加工齒輪外觀全貌    85



 

                                

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