在超導電路中開發基於電磁誘發透明的微波量子記憶體

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研究生：	朱凱翊 Kai-I Chu
論文名稱：	在超導電路中開發基於電磁誘發透明的微波量子記憶體 Developing Microwave Quantum Memory Based on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Superconducting Circuits
指導教授：	陳永富 Yung-Fu Chen
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	理學院 - 物理學系 Department of Physics
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	153
中文關鍵詞：	超導電路、量子網絡、人造原子、微波量子記憶體、波導量子電動力學、參數調變、電磁誘發透明
外文關鍵詞：	Superconducting circuits, Quantum network, Artificial atoms, Microwave quantum memory, Waveguide quantum electrodynamics, Parametric modulation, Electromagnetically induced transparency
相關次數：	點閱：19 下載：0
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基於約瑟夫森結的超導電路的最新進展極大地推進量子資訊處理。為了要構建一個全面的基於超導的量子網絡，我們需要一個至關重要的元件：微波量子記憶體。然而，由於大多數超導人造原子缺乏亞穩態，超導電路平台上的光量子記憶體的發展受到阻礙。

在本論文中，我們從理論上研究並實驗實現了波導量子電動力學架構內的一種新型微波記憶體，由單個超導 Xmon 量子位元和耦合高品質諧振器組成，此諧振器可以被認為是電路的合適亞穩態。透過採用參數調變技術，調變量子位元躍遷頻率和以微波直接驅動量子位元躍遷的協同效應可以產生有效的三能階 Λ 型電磁誘發透明。在連續的參數調變下，伴隨的色散曲線被急劇修改，從而使通過此單個 Λ 型人造原子的探測脈衝的速度減慢到3.6 km/s。我們實驗證明透過電磁誘發透明的機制進行參數調變的動態控制，可以允許按需存取微波訊號，且儲存時間可延長至數百奈秒。這種簡單而多功能的裝置凸顯了在超導電路領域實現微波量子記憶體的潛力。

本論文詳細介紹了超導電路中第一個基於電磁誘發透明的微波量子記憶體的動機、理論背景、數值模擬、設計、實現和測量結果。

Recent progress in Josephson-junction-based superconducting circuits has significantly advanced quantum information processing. To build a comprehensive superconducting-based quantum network, one requires a critical ingredient: microwave quantum memory. However, the development of photonic quantum memory on this platform is hindered by the absence of a metastable state in most superconducting artificial atoms.

In this thesis, we theoretically investigate and experimentally realize a novel type of microwave memory within the waveguide quantum electrodynamics architecture, consisting of a single superconducting Xmon qubit and a coupling high-quality resonator. This resonator can be considered a suitable metastable state for the circuit. By employing the parametric modulation technique, the synergy effect of modulating the qubit transition frequency and directly driving the qubit transition with a microwave can create an effective three-level Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency. The accompanying dispersion profile is sharply modified under the continuous parametric modulation, resulting in the probe pulse passing through this single Λ-type artificial atom at a reduced group velocity of 3.6 km/s. We demonstrate that the dynamical control of such a parametric modulation allows for on-demand microwave storage and retrieval, with a memory time extending to several hundred nanoseconds via electromagnetically induced transparency. This simple yet versatile device highlights the potential of achieving microwave quantum memory within the superconducting circuits community.

This thesis details the motivation, theoretical background, numerical simulations, design, implementation, and measurement results of this first electromagnetically-induced-transparency-based microwave quantum memory device in superconducting circuits.

摘要ix
Abstract xi
Contents xiii
Introduction and Motivation 1
1 Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Photonic Quantum Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Microwave Memory in Superconducting Quantum Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 EIT in Superconducting Quantum Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Thesis Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Circuit QED 13
1 Circuit Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1 Quantum LC Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2 Josephson Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Superconducting Artificial Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 Frequency Tunability - SQUID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Jaynes-Cummings Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Dispersive Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Sideband Transition Induced by Parametric Modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Waveguide QED in Superconducting Quantum Circuits 33
1 Wigner-Weisskopf Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2 Time Evolution of System Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1 Lindblad Master Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Input-Output Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Open Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1 Interaction between a Qubit and a 1D Open Transmission Line . . . . . 43
4 Light Scattering by a Qubit in a 1D Open Transmission Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Three-level Λ-type Atom Interacting with Lights 51
1 Dark State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 Optical Response with Strong Coupling Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.1 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency v.s. Autler-Townes Splitting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 EIT-Based Quantum Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Investigation of Three-level Λ-type EIT-based Microwave Memory in
a Superconducting Quantum Circuit 63
1 Model: Detuend Quantum Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.1 Λ-type Atom manipulated by Parametric Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2 EIT: Parametric Modulation Induced Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1 Observation of Dark State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3 Coherence Improvement via Purcell Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1 Description of the Purcell Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 Slow and Storing Microwaves with the Purcell Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 Storage Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4 Summary of the Theoretical Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Theory Derivation for Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
EIT-based Multimode Microwave Memory in a Superconducting Quantum
Circuit 79
1 Qubit Coupling to an Array of Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2 EIT Spectroscopy with Multi-Metastable States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 Storage of Multiple Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Summary of the Multimode Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Experimental Realization of Slow and Stored Light via EIT Using A
Λ-type Superconducting Artificial Atom 87
1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2 Single-Tone Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.1 Power Dependent Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.2 Coupling Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3 Flux Dependent Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3 Observation of EIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4 Slow Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Stored Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.1 Light Shaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6 Discussion: Improvement of Storage Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7 Discussion: Sweet Spot Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8 Summary of the Experimental Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Conclusion and Future Works 107
Bibliography 111
                                

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