本研究利用2011及2021年「臺灣社會變遷基本調查計畫」資料，以Ordered Probit Model及Multinomial Logit Model為實證模型，分析社會經濟地位與自評健康狀況、身體質量指數及善終之關聯性。本研究發現針對不同年齡層的受訪者控制個人基本變數後，教育年數的增加對於自評健康狀況、身體質量指數及善終均有正面的影響，顯示教育明顯改善受訪者的健康狀況且瞭解自身的需求並執行及規劃個人的人生目標。低所得者對於自評健康狀況及BMI均有負面的影響，顯示社會經濟地位較低者擁有的健康資源及面臨的生活條件均有限制，使得健康狀況較差，且對於人生規劃較不明確。另運動對於自評健康狀況具正面影響，社會參與度對於中、老年人的健康狀態具有正面影響。

This study aimed to investigate the association of socio-economic status (SES) with self-rated health status, body mass index (BMI), and a good death. We used data from the “Taiwan Social Change Survey” in 2011 and 2012. This study utilized an ordered probit model and a multinomial logit model to conduct empirical analysis.
The results of the study indicate that an increase in the total years of education has a positive impact on self-rated health status, BMI, and a good death. Education has a significant impact on an individual's health status. It enables individuals to better understand their needs, plan effectively, and achieve their personal life goals. On the other hand, individuals with low income may experience negative effects on their self-rated health status and BMI. This suggests that individuals with lower socioeconomic status may have limited access to healthcare resources and face challenging living conditions due to their financial circumstances. As a result, individuals may experience poorer health outcomes and encounter challenges in planning their lives. Engaging in physical activity has a positive impact on an individual's self-rated health status. Additionally, it can enhance overall well-being and promote a healthier lifestyle. Similarly, research has shown that social participation has a positive impact on the health of middle-aged and elderly individuals.

一、中文文獻
1.馬瑞菊和蔡惠貞(2016)，“善終之概念分析”。馬偕護理雜誌, 6(2), 7-13。
二、英文文獻
1.Cooper, Andrew (2016). “A Good Death?”. Journal of Social Work Practice , 30(2), 121-127.
2.Eriksson, Malin (2011). “Social capital and health - implications for health promotion”. Global Health Action, 4, 5611.
3.Finucane, Mariel M, Stevens, Gretchen A, Cowan, Melanie J, Danaei, Goodarz, Lin, John K, Paciorek, Christopher J, Singh, Gitanjali M, Gutierrez, Hialy R, Lu, Yuan, Bahalim, Adil N, Farzadfar, Farshad, Riley, Leanne M and Ezzati, Majid(2011). “National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants”. Lancet, 377 (9765), 557-567.
4.Grossman, Michael(1972). “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health”. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255.
5.Grossman, Michael. Determinants of Health An Economic Perspective. Columbia University Press, 2017.
6.House, James S., Kessler, Ronald C. and Herzog, A. Regula(1990). “Age, Socioeconomic Status, and Health”. The Milbank Quarterly , 68(3), 383-411.
7.Jaacks, Lindsay M., Vandevijvere, Stefanie, Pan, An, McGowan, Craig J., Wallace, Chelsea, Imamura, Fumiaki, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Swinburn, Boyd, Ezzati, Majid(2019). “The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic”. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology , 7(3), 231-240.
8.Link, Bruce G. and Phelan, Jo (1995). “Social Conditions As Fundamental Causes of Disease”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issue: Forty Years of Medical Sociology: The State of the Art and Directions for the Future, 80-94.
9.Leung, Kai-Kuen, Liu, Wen-Jing, Cheng, Shao-Yi, Chiu, Tai-Yuan and Chen, Ching-Yu (2009). “What do laypersons consider as a good death”. Supportive Care in Cancer , 17(6), 691-699.
10.Mackenbach, Johan P., Stirbu, Irina, Roskam, Albert-Jan R., Schaap, Maartje M., Menvielle, Gwenn, Leinsalu, Mall, Kunst, Anton E. and European Union Working Group on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health(2008). “Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries”. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(23), 2468–2481.
11.Popkin, Barry M., Adair, Linda S., Ng, Shu Wen (2012). “Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries”. Nutrition Reviews, 70(1), 3-21.
12.Siegel, Rebecca L., Miller, Kimberly D., Jemal, Ahmedin(2019). “Cancer statistics, 2019”. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 69(1), 7-34.
13.Wang, Youfa and Beydoun, May A.(2007). “The obesity epidemic in the United States - Gender, age, socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and geographic characteristics: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis”. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29, 6-28.
14.Wales, Joshua, Kurahashi, Allison M., Husain, Amna(2018). “The interaction of socioeconomic status with place of death: a qualitative analysis of physician experiences”. BMC Palliative Care, 17, 87.
三、網站資料
1.內政部簡易生命表，取自https://www.moi.gov.tw/cl.aspx?n=3107。
2.勞動部(基本工資)，取自https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/28162/28166/28180/28182/28184/29016/。
3.衛生福利部新聞稿(政府跨部門努力，縮小健康不平等)，2011年10月17日，取自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/fp-3160-25006-1.html。
4.衛生福利部國民健康署(上班族一整天久坐很正常？)，2018年4月11日，取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=127&pid=8501。
5.衛生福利部國民健康署(BMI)，取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=542&pid=9737。
6.American Cancer Society (2022). Tobacco Atlas. https://tobaccoatlas.org/key-takeaways-from-the-launch-of-the-tobacco-atlas-7th-edition/.
7.Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/obesity#.
8.World Health Organization (‎2002)‎. Active ageing : a policy framework. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67215.
9.World Health Organization (‎2002)‎. Active ageing: Moving Hearts for Health. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-09-2002-active-ageing-moving-hearts-for-health
10.World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1.
11.World Obesity. Economic impact of overweight and obesity to surpass $4 trillion by 2035. https://www.worldobesity.org/news/economic-impact-of-overweight-and-obesity-to-surpass-4-trillion-by-2035。