本研究認為製造業導入「智慧產品」(Intelligent Product, iProduct) 的概念不只能在消費端產生新的服務與價值。如果將其擴展到製造生產端，使得產品從被動生產元件轉為會思考分析的主動元件，智慧產品將能在未來產品從製造到售後的各個階段產生相應的影響與價值。同時因為傳統製造執行系統因為集中管理的架構，功能多樣且維運成本高，不利於彈性調整，因此在導入智慧產品後，將對製造系統架構產生新型態的管理方式。
綜上所述，本研究將發展一套調變彈性佳的分散式製造執行系統，並且在訊息傳遞上應用「資料分散式服務」(Data Distributed Service, DDS)。首先以智慧產品設計分散式製造執行系統架構。智慧產品是一種主動元件，能自主管理製造所需之製程參數與運輸途程，且在過程中收集其生產履歷，減少對於中央控制系統的依賴，並且降低系統的複雜性。接著導入DDS設計一個分散式訊息控制的環境，不僅可達到即時任務訊息傳輸，也能避免集中式系統失效而導致訊息無法傳遞的問題。最後還能利用DDS豐富的服務品質政策(Quality of Service Policy)，針對任務導向訊息作客製化的設定，符合製造系統可靠性的需求。
最後，本研究透過Petri Net和狀態控制流程圖之分析，可觀察到本研究之系統在策略複雜度、循環複雜度及拓展率均優於傳統MES。因此，可預期本研究之製造系統在功能或硬體擴充上可以更為彈性，且維護成本也較為低廉。而在系統可靠度測試上，也證明本研究之系統具有良好的穩定度。

關鍵字：資料分散式服務、智慧產品、製造執行系統、性能測試

Industry 4.0 includes intelligent product which is able to provide new service and value for enterprises and their customers. If the concept of intelligent product can be realized in manufacturing process, the product or work in process (WIP) will be transformed from isolated status to connective status.
As above, this research will develop a modular intelligent-product-based manufacturing system and apply Data Distribution Service (DDS) in message transmission. In this system, the intelligent product has abilities to manage its parameter setting and routing, collect traceability and communicate with other nodes, including machines and robots. Also, it can also make manufacturing system less complicate and more flexible. Besides, DDS provides a distributed real-time control environment and rich QoS setting to make system have more fault tolerance, flexibility and reliability.
Finally, with Petri Net analysis and Cyclomatic Complexity, we find that strategic complexity, extension rate and cyclomatic complexity in our research system are better than these in traditional MES. According to above results, we consider our system is reliable, flexible, low cost and stable in many aspects.

Keywords: Data Distribution Service, Intelligent Product, Manufacturing Execution System, Performance Test

[1] E. Tidhar, J. Siegman, and D. Paikowsky, "工業4.0新戰略與發展路徑," Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/tw/tc/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/2019-industry-develop.html
[2] AWS, "Manufacturing on AWS," Available: https://d1.awsstatic.com/architecture-diagrams/ArchitectureDiagrams/manufacturing-on-aws-ra.pdf?did=wp_card&trk=wp_card
[3] C. M. Website, "Manufacturing Software for Industry 4.0-Embracing Decentralization."
[4] W. Covanich, D. McFarlane, J. Brusey, and A. Farid, "Ready configuration of machines into an existing manufacturing system," in The IET International Conference on Agile Manufacturing, 2007, pp. 41-50: IET.
[5] D. McFarlane, S. Sarma, J. L. Chirn, C. Y. Wong, and K. Ashton, "THE INTELLIGENT PRODUCT IN MANUFACTURING CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT," IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 49-54, 2002/01/01/ 2002.
[6] J.-L. Chirn and D. McFarlane, "Evaluating holonic control systems: a case study," IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 211-216, 2005.
[7] A. M. Farid, "Product Degrees of Freedom as Manufacturing System Reconfiguration Potential Measures."
[8] A. Farid, "Facilitating Ease of System Reconfiguration Through Measures of Manufacturing Modularity," Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B-journal of Engineering Manufacture - PROC INST MECH ENG B-J ENG MA, vol. 222, pp. 1275-1288, 10/01 2008.
[9] T. J. McCabe, "A Complexity Measure," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-2, no. 4, pp. 308-320, 1976.
[10] U. Tiwari and S. Kumar, "Cyclomatic complexity metric for component based software," ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, vol. 39, pp. 1-6, 02/11 2014.
[11] A. Balador, N. Ericsson, and Z. Bakhshi, "Communication middleware technologies for industrial distributed control systems: A literature review," in 2017 22nd IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2017, pp. 1-6.
[12] S. Sait and G. Al-Hashim, "Novel Design of Collaborative Automation Platform Using Real-Time Data Distribution Service Middleware for An Optimum Process Control Environment," Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 25, p. 1650063, 02/04 2016.
[13] 彭振雲, 高毅, and 唐昭琳, MES基礎與應用. 北京: 機械工業出版社, 2019.
[14] 黃培, MES選型與實施指南. 北京: 機械工業出版社, 2020.
[15] H. Pérez, J. J. Gutiérrez, S. Peiró, and A. Crespo, "Distributed architecture for developing mixed-criticality systems in multi-core platforms," Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 123, pp. 145-159, 2017/01/01/ 2017.
[16] 劉益宏 et al., 工業4.0理論與實務. 台北: 全華圖書股份有限公司, 2019.
[17] M. McClellan, Applying manufacturing execution systems. Boca Raton, Florida; Falls Church, Virginia: St. Lucie Press ; Apics, 1997.
[18] Y. Koren, X. Gu, and W. Guo, "Reconfigurable manufacturing systems: Principles, design, and future trends," Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 121-136, 2018.
[19] 簡培修, "利用延伸 Petri nets 建構校園文書工作流程模型之初探," presented at the 台灣網際網路研討會, 台灣, 2007.
[20] W. Aalst, "Three Good Reasons for Using A Petri-Net-Based Workflow Management System," vol. 11, 1998, pp. 161-182.
[21] D. Foundation. Where Can I Get DDS? Available: https://www.dds-foundation.org/where-can-i-get-dds/
[22] A. Corsaro, The Data Distribution Service Tutorial. 2014.
[23] OMG. (2021). The Real-time Publish-Subscribe Protocol DDS Interoperability Wire Protocol (DDSI-RTPSTM) Specification. Available: https://www.omg.org/spec/DDSI-RTPS/#inventory-links
[24] S. Oh, J.-H. Kim, and G. Fox, "Real-time performance analysis for publish/subscribe systems," Future Generation Comp. Syst., vol. 26, pp. 318-323, 03/01 2010.
[25] OMG, "OMG Data Distribution Service(DDS)," 2015.
[26] eProsima. FAST-RTPS. Available: https://fast-dds.docs.eprosima.com/en/latest/fastdds
[27] D. C. McFarlane and S. Bussmann, "Developments in holonic production planning and control," Production Planning & Control, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 522-536, 2000.
[28] S. Profanter, A. Tekat, K. Dorofeev, M. Rickert, and A. Knoll, "OPC UA versus ROS, DDS, and MQTT: Performance Evaluation of Industry 4.0 Protocols," in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2019, pp. 955-962.
[29] R. Website, "MQTT and DDS: Machine to Machine Communication in IoT."
[30] FESTO. FESTO Cyber-Physical Factory. Available: https://www.festo-didactic.com/int-en/highlights/qualification-for-industry-4.0/?fbid=aW50LmVuLjU1Ny4xNy4xMC43NDMwLjQzMjg
[31] W. Schober, "Conveyor," Available: https://ip.festo-didactic.com/InfoPortal/EN/index.html
[32] Open Source C++ OPC-UA Server and Client Library. Available: https://github.com/FreeOpcUa/freeopcua
[33] J. Chen, H. Wang, Y. Zhou, and S. Bruda, "Complexity Metrics for Component-based Software Systems," International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, vol. 5, pp. 235-244, 03/31 2011