具多重功能應用之微帶線低通/帶通五頻帶濾波器及五工器/三工器

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研究生：	吳家蓮 Chia-Lian Wu
論文名稱：	具多重功能應用之微帶線低通/帶通五頻帶濾波器及五工器/三工器 Design of Microstrip Lowpass-Bandpass Quint-band Filters and Quintplexer/Triplexer with Multi-Function Applications
指導教授：	凃文化 Wen-Hua Tu
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	資訊電機學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	156
中文關鍵詞：	低通-帶通濾波器/多工器、步階式阻抗傳輸線共振器、分佈式耦合技術
外文關鍵詞：	lowpass-bandpass (LP-BP) filter/multiplexer, stepped-impedance resonator (SIR), distributed coupling technology
相關次數：	點閱：9 下載：0
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摘要
本篇論文主要在探究由低通/帶通組合之多頻帶濾波器與多工器之設計。一些新的電路型態已被發展出來使得低通與帶通濾波器可以簡單有效的方式分開設計，並且都有經過實驗的驗證。低通濾波器結合了參數優化及低通轉換的方法，而帶通濾波器則利用典型開迴路環式耦合傳輸線共振器來開發。此外，我們針對階梯式阻抗共振電路(SIR)進行分析。此類共振器不但可以用來縮減電路尺寸，而且具有可以控制其所有寄生振頻率的能力。本論文亦提供了此類共振器的完整設計公式，其中包含其頻率響應的理論預測。實際上，這類共振器是四分之一波長傳輸線階梯式阻抗共振電路的一種延伸。針對此共振器的總電氣長度及頻率響應，亦進行理論分析。總體而言，這些濾波器不但具有極小的面積，而且擁有相當好的止帶頻率響應。
本篇論文主要分成兩大部分：(a) 低通-帶通五工器/三工利用分佈式元件耦合技術之設計與研究；(b) 利用低通-帶通濾波器並接處理方式發展出可彈性配置之五頻帶低通-帶通濾波器的設計與實作。
(a) 低通-帶通多工器利用分佈式元件耦合技術之設計與研究
在第一部份，本篇論文提出兩種低通-帶通多工器之結構，其一為五頻帶低通-帶通五工器設計，另一為五頻道低通-帶通三工器設計。多工器電路由一長分佈式耦合饋入線、一低通濾波器及四個帶通響應濾波器組成。橢圓低通濾波器頻響搭配四個二階柴比雪夫式耦合帶通響應濾波器組合達成所需之特性。此外，由於分佈式耦合技術的低負載效應，無需額外的匹配電路，因此所設計出的多工器相當精簡。為了驗證設計概念，兩種多工器被設計、製造及測試，量測結果與模擬吻合。
(b) 頻帶可彈性配置之五個頻帶低通-帶通響應濾波器設計與製作
在第二部份中，本篇論文提出五個頻帶低通-帶通五工器設計。低通濾波器由一曲折型的傳輸線及修改T型的共振器所組合而成。在低通濾波器架構下，由一對低通濾波器兩端平行延伸的I/O耦合饋入線及一種四頻帶的λ/4感抗式耦合雙模殘段載入步階式傳輸線共振器之帶通濾波器所共同組成之五頻帶低通-帶通響應濾波器。藉由所2導入之平行延伸的I/O耦合饋入線及利用多重耦合路徑，四個頻帶的帶通濾波器可完全被控制及獨立設計。尤其是，兩種不同型態的帶通響應濾波器被探討且組合成四頻帶的頻響。這個設計的背後理念為提供最佳性能的簡潔尺寸。為了驗證設計概念，兩種五頻帶低通-帶通濾波器被設計、製造及測試，其量測結果與模擬吻合。

Abstract
This research is regarding the design of microstrip LP-BP filters and miniaturized multiplexers. Several newly developing arrangements have been presented with an individual design for lowpss filter(LPF) and bandpass filters (BPFs) responses in an valid plan step, and all of them are authenticated by experimental outcomes. The LPF plan is integrated accompanied by moduli optimization and the LP archetype conversion practice, and the BPFs plan may be expanded utilizing the traditional plan doctrine of open-end ring coupled-resonator filter. In addition, stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) that are the elementary parts of the suggested filters and multiplexers have been completely researched. The SIR not merely may be utilized to lessen the resonator size moreover efficient of containing all other resonant frequencies. Intact plan formulas for SIRs have been offered, mainly in the projection of their basic and higher-order fake resonant frequencies. These resonators are affiliated to the change of quarter-wavelength transmission line (TL) SIRs. The overall electrical length and resonant frequencies of these resonators accompanied by distinct architecture moduli have else been resolved theoretically. In the end, each of the planned filters holds a extreme small circuit size and has a well stop band response. Furthermore, to design multiband filter and multiplexer, a newfangled plan approach has been suggested. Coupling architectures accompanied by Chebyshev frequency responses is demonstrated to implement multi-band properties.
This dissertation divides into two parts: (a) lowpass-bandpass (LP-BP) multiplexers utilizing distributed coupling technology; (b) quint band lowpass-bandpass (LP-BP) filter with adjustable pass band architecture;
(a) LP-BP multiplexers using distributed coupling technology
In the first part, new newfangled microstrip LP-BP multiplexers using distributed coupling technology is suggested. The multiplexer comprises of a lengthening distributed coupling input feeding wire, output feeding wires, a LP and four passage BPFs. Elliptic LP frequency response and coupling architecture with second pole Chebyshev BP frequency responses are demonstrated to implement desired properties. In addition, due to the low loading result from input distributed coupling technology, no addition matching networks is required. As there are no addition matching networks, the multiplexer is succinct. To validate the design idea, two experimental cases have been planned and manufactured, and tested. The measurement outcomes are in well fit accompanied by the full wave emulation outcomes.
(b) quint band LP-BP filters with adjustable pass band architecture
In the second part, novel suggested microstrip quint band LP-BP filters are demonstrated. The LPF architecture consists a twisty TL and modified T-formed resonators. Based on such a LPF architecture, a quad-band λ/4 inductively-coupled dual-mode stub-loaded stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) BPF with one pair of coupled I/O feeding line are paralleled on both sides of LPF to compose a quint band LP-BP filter. By merging parallel I/O coupled line and utilizing multiple coupling routes, four BP bands can be completely contained and planned individually. Intentionally, two distinct genres of BPFs with distinct producing mechanisms are explored and then integrated to offer the quad band responses. The idea behind this plan is to carry out multiple downsizing technologies on quint band to implment succinct sizes with optimum function. To verify the plan idea, two genres quint band LP-BP filters are planned, manufactured, and checked, where emulation outcomes approve well accompanied by measurement outcomes.

 摘要    I
Abstract     III
誌謝    VI
Contents    VII
List of Figures    X
List of Tables    XVI
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1-1. Research Motivation    1
1-2. Literature research    7
1-3. Organization and contributions    10
Chapter 2 Basis of Microwave Filter Design    13
2-1. Introduction    13
2-2. Basic Network Theoretical Concept    13
2-2-1. Parameter definitions    15
2-2-2. Filters Properties    17
2-3. Resizing and Conversion    20
2-3-1. Impedance Resizing    21
2-3-2. Frequency Resizing and Conversion    21
2-4. Immittance Inverters    22
2-4-1. Practical Implementation of Immittance Inverters    29
2-4-2. External Quality Divisors / Coupling Coefficients    30
2-5. Filters Utilizing Coupled Resonators    32
2-5-1. Basic Theory of Coupling    32
2-5-2. Electric Coupling    33
2-5-3. Magnetic Coupling    34
2-5-4. Mixed Coupling    36
2-5-5. Instance of Taking out Coupling coefficient    38
2-6. Fundamental Theory of External Quality Divisor    40
2-6-1. Formulation of External Quality Divisor    40
2-6-2. Example of Taking out External Quality Divisor    42
Chapter 3 Design of Microtrip LP-BP Multiplexers Using Distributed Coupling Technology    45
3-1. Introduction    45
3-2. Elliptic-Function LPF Design    47
3-3. Four-Channel BPFs Design with Chebyshev Response    57
3-3-1. Four-Channel BPFs    57
3-3-2. Two Dual-Band BPFs    71
3-4. Microstrip LP-BP Multiplexer    76
3-4-1. Microstrip LP-BP Quintplexer    79
3-4-2. Microstrip LP-BP Triplexer    84
3-5. Conclusion    91
Chapter 4 Design of Microstrip Quint-band LP-BP Filter With Elastic Passband Configuration    92
4-1. Introduction    92
4-2. Elliptic-Function LPF    94
4-3. Design of Quad-band BPF with Chebyshev Response    104
4-3-1. Style-I Quad-band BPF Design    108
4-3-2. Style-II Quad-band BPF Design    119
4-4. Quint-band LP-BP filter fulfillment and validation    132
4-4-1. Style-I Quint-band LP-BP filter    135
4-4-2. Style-II Quint-band LP-BP filter    137
4-5. Conclusion    140
Chapter 5 Conclusion and future works    141
5-1. Summary    142
5-2. Proposals for Further Works    143

 
List of Figures

Fig. 1-1. Multiplexer arrangement. (a) Circulator-coupled way. (b) Hybrid-coupled way. (c) Manifold-coupled way [9]    3
Fig. 1-2. Distinct topologies of multiplexers. [15] (a) Star-junction topology [11].(b) Multiplexer topology, which limits the maximum connections to any resonator to four [16]. (c) Newfangled topology presented in [16]. The bifurcated structure reduces the maximum number of couplings associated with one resonator to three. (d) Simpliﬁed structure to the one shown in (c)    4
Fig. 2-1. Typical LP archetype accompanied by (a) A ladder net. (b) Its dual    15
Fig. 2-2. Filter. (a) Net configuration. (b) Filter standard    16
Fig. 2-3. Frequency standard. (a) Chebyshev filter. (b) Elliptic filter    19
Fig. 2-4. Emulated Chebyshev frequency response (dotted line) and elliptic response (solid line) filter functions    19
Fig. 2-5. LP archetype to BP conversion    22
Fig. 2-6. (a) Impedance inverter or K-inverter. (b) Admittance inverter or J-inverter    23
Fig. 2-7. Element conversion with ideal immittance inverters. (a) Utilizing impedance inverters. (b) Utilizing admittance inverters    24
Fig. 2-8. LP archetype filters modified to involve immittive inverters. (a) Utilizing impedance inverters. (b) Utilizing admittance inverters    25
Fig. 2-9. BPFs with immittance inverters. (a) Utilizing impedance inverters. (b) Utilizing admittance inverters    26
Fig. 2-10. In general terms BPFs (including distributed elements) with immittance inverters. (a) Utilizing impedance inverters. (a) Utilizing admittance inverters    27
Fig. 2-11. Lumped element impedance and admittance inverters. (a) and (c) Execution using inductor networks. (b) and (d) Execution using capacitor network    30
Fig. 2-12. Couped lumped element resonators accompanied by (a) inductive coupling and (b) capacitive coupling    31
Fig. 2-13. Coupled resonators circuit accompanied by electric coupling. (a) Lumped mould. (b) An option pattern of the equivalent circuit    34
Fig. 2-14. Coupled resonators circuit accompanied by magnetic coupling. (a) Lumped mould. (b) An option pattern of the equivalent circuit    35
Fig. 2-15. Coupled resonator circuit accompanied by electric and magnetic coupling. (a) Lumped mould. (b) An option pattern of the equivalent circuit    37
Fig. 2-16. Coupled open loop resonators. (a) Coupling architecture. (b) Resonant response    39
Fig. 2-17. I/O coupling architecture. (a) Tapped-line coupling. (b) Coupled-line coupling    41
Fig. 2-18. Equivalent circuit of the I/O resonator accompanied by a single load    42
Fig. 2-19. Tapped-line coupling. (a) I/O coupling architectures, (b) Phase response of S11    44
Fig. 3-1. Elliptic function LPF (a) Elementary cell arrangement and its equivalent circuit mould. (b) LPF equivalent circuit mould, Cp s = Cp + Cs    48
Fig. 3-2. LPF with 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-fingers interdigital capacitors. (a) Pictorial depiction of (3-9). (b) Emulated insertion damage accompanied by the following moduli: ls = 11.9 mm, Ws = 0.238 mm, Wc1 = Wc2 = 0.3 mm, lc = 2 mm, Gc = 0.2 mm.    51
Fig. 3-3. Two-part LPF. (a) Schematic chart. (b) Equivalent circuit mould. (c) Emulated outcomes    55
Fig. 3-4. Cascaded four-part LPF. (a) Schematic chart. (b) Emulated outcomes of two-part and four-part LPFs    56
Fig. 3-5. Geometric chart of the suggested four-channel BPFs    58
Fig. 3-6 Architecture of an SIR. (a) Arrangement. (b) Even-mode manipulation. (c) Odd-mode manipulation    61
Fig. 3-7 Normalized frequency fsp3 / f0, fsp2 / f0 and fsp1 / f0 towards an SIR against impedance ratio Rz = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6.    62
Fig. 3-8 Taking out the coupling coefficient. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) Coupling coefficient against the distance among resonators as function of the gap G12, G22, G32 and G42    65
Fig. 3-9. Taking out the external quality divisor Qe at 1.7 GHz (W11 = 0.2 mm, W12 = 1.43 mm, D11 = 0.2 mm, l11 = 9.18 mm, and l12 = 5.7 mm (R1 of Fig. 3-10)). (a) With open-ended loaded. (b) With LPF loaded. (c) Emulated outcome    66
Fig. 3-10. Taking out the external quality divisor. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) External quality divisors against the distance between resonators and feeding lines at port 1    67
Fig. 3-11. Emulated functions of the planned filters. (a) BPF1. (b) BPF2    69
Fig. 3-12. Geometric chart of the suggested two dual-band BPFs    72
Fig. 3-13. Taking out the coupling coefficient. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) Coupling coefficient against the distance among resonators as function of the gap G12 , G22 , G32 and G42    73
Fig. 3-14. Taking out the external quality divisors. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) External quality divisors against the distance among resonators and feeding lines at port 1    74
Fig. 3-15. Design flowchart of the suggected LP-BP multiplexer method    76
Fig. 3-16. Schematic arrangement of recommended quintplexer    79
Fig. 3-17. Coupling architecture of the Recommended quintplexer    79
Fig. 3-18. Recommended quintplexer. (a) Photograph. (b) as well as (c) Emulated and surveyed results    81
Fig. 3-19. Loading effects research. (a) LPF and quintplexer. (b) Quintplexer as well as two diplexers (1.7 GHz and 2.4 GHz). (c) Quintplexer as well as two diplexers (3.1 GHz and 3.8 GHz).    83
Fig. 3-20. Schematic arrangement of the recommended triplexer    85
Fig. 3-21. Coupling architecture of the recommended triplexer    85
Fig. 3-22. Recommended triplexer. (a) Photograph. (b) as well as (c) S-parameters    87
Fig. 3-23. Loading effect research    88
Fig. 4-1. The coupling architecture of the quint band LPF-BPF. (a) Style -I circuit. (b) Style-II circuit.    94
Fig. 4-2. The T formed resonator    96
Fig. 4-3. Equivalent circuit mould of T formed resonator. (a) TL. (b) Open stub    96
Fig. 4-4. T-formed resonator. (a) LC equivalent circuit mould, (b) Simulated transmission zero against length l2 for distinct w2, (c) Contrast among the EM as well as LC emulations    97
Fig. 4-5. Suppressant unit. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) LC equivalent circuit mould. (c) Contrast among the EM as well as LC emulations    99
Fig. 4-6. LPF. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) LC equivalent circuit mould. (c) Contrast among the EM as well as LC emulations    100
Fig. 4-7. Recommended LPF. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) emulated outcome of original LPF and succinct LPF    101
Fig. 4-8. Dual mode λ/4 stepped impedance resonators (SIR). (a) Substantial arrangement., (b) Even mode mould, (c) Odd mode mould    104
Fig. 4-9. Middle frequency against impedance rate under feeble coupling. (Sizes: l1 =9.7 mm, w1 =0.25 mm, l2=4.8 mm, ls =0.8 mm, R =0.1 mm.)    106
Fig. 4-10 Substantial sizes for the numerical case: l1 = 9.7 mm, l2 = 4.8 mm, w1 = 0.2 mm, w2 = 0.8 mm, R = 0.1 mm. (a) Coupling conduct against ls with fixed ws = 1 mm, (b) Coupling conduct against ws with fixed ls = 0.8 mm    107
Fig. 4-11. Style-I Quad band BPF. (a) Schematic arrangement of the suggested quad-band filter on the λ/4 dual mode stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) (Not to proportion). (b) Coupling route of the BPF and I/O coupled lines. (c) Equivalent circuit mould for the quad band BPF    110
Fig. 4-12. Taking out the coupling coefficient. (a) Substantial architecture. (b) M12(1st) against ls1 for distinct R1. (c) M12(2nd) against ls2 for distinct R2. (d) M12(3rd) against ls3 for distinct R3. (e) M12(4th) against ls4 for distinct R4    114
Fig. 4-13. Substantial architecture for taking out the external quality divisor. (a) even mode resonance； (b) odd mode resonance    115
Fig. 4-14. External quality divisor in the Style-I quad band BPF against the specific gap sizes of I/O resonator    115
Fig. 4-15. Style-I quad band BPF. (a) dual mode conduct of BPF1-BPF4, (b) Emulated S-parameter; (c) loading effects research    117
Fig. 4-16. Schematic arrangement of the recommended quad-band filter on the λ/4 dual-mode SIR. (Not to proportion)    119
Fig. 4-17. Coupling conduct. (a) Frequency response of S21 for BPF1,3 two dual mode resonator beneath feeble coupling. (b) Coupling conduct against ls1 accompanied by regular ws = 1 mm. (c) Coupling conduct against ws1 with regular ls1 = 0.8 mm.    121
Fig. 4-18. Dual band quadruple mode λ/4 SIR. (a) Schematic arrangement. (b) Even-mode manipulation, (c) Odd-mode manipulation.    122
Fig. 4-19. Taking out the coupling coefficient. (a) Substantial architecture, i = 1,2. (b) M12(1st) against ls1 for distinct R1. (c) M12(2nd) against ls2 for distinct R2. (d) M12(3rd) against ls3 for distinct R1. (e) M12(4th) against ls4 for distinct R2    127
Fig. 4-20. Substantial architecture for taking out the external quality divisor of the (a) even-mode resonance； (b) odd-mode resonance    129
Fig. 4-21. External quality divisor at the Style-II quad band BPF against the specific gap sizes of I/O resonator.    129
Fig. 4-22. Style-II quad band BPF. (a) Emulated S-modulus. (b) Loading results research    130
Fig. 4-23. Flow chart of recommended quint-band LP-BP filter    132
Fig. 4-24. Suggested Style-I quint band LP-BP filter. (a) S- modulus as well as image； (b) loading result research    136
Fig. 4-25. Suggested Style-II quint band LP-BP filter. (a) S- modulus as well as image； (b) loading result research    138
 
List of Tables

TABLE 3-1 VALUES OF THE LC MODULI    54
TABLE 3-2 SIZE OF THE LPF    54
TABLE 3-3 CIRCUIT SIZE OF FOUR-PASSAGE BPFS (mm)    70
TABLE 3-4 CIRCUIT SIZE OF TWO DUAL-BAND BPFS (mm)    75
TABLE 3-5 CONSTRAT OF SUGGESTED CIRCUITS WITH PREVIOUS LP-BP MULPLEXERS ( *ESTIMATION VALUES)    90
TABLE 4-1 VALUES OF THE LC MOULD MODULI    103
TABLE 4-2 SIZE OF THE LPF    103
TABLE 4-3 CIRCUIT SIZE OF STYLE-I QUAD BAND BPF    118
TABLE 4-4 CIRCUIT SIZE OF STYLE-II QUAD BAND BPF    131
TABLE 4-5 CONTRAST OF SUGGESTED CIRCUITS WITH PREVIOUS LP-BP MULTTI BAND FILTER    139

                                

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