在科技變動快速的時代下，新產品開發常被視為提升競爭優勢的重要來源之一。根據統計，企業大約有三分之一的利潤來自於新推出至市場的產品，於是新產品開發成為了一個相當熱門的議題，但是成功卻不是那麼容易。在新產品開發期間有許多情境變數(如專案因素、組織因素、環境因素等)會影響到專案績效，而這些情境變數會產生許多緊張情勢(tension)，管理者必須調整其做法來解決這些衝突。
本研究以管理者之管理風格對於新產品開發績效之影響為出發點，探討管理者在專案執行和創意發想時，採取開放式行動與新產品開發各階段績效之關
係。並且探討不同程度的科技不確定性，會如何影響開放式行動與新產品開發績效之關係。本研究結果發現：
1. 管理者在專案執行中採取的行動開放程度越高，對於新產品開發績效越有負向影響。
2. 管理者在創意發想中採取的行動開放程度越高，對於新產品開發績效越有正向影響。
3. 技術不確定性能負向調節開放式行動策略與新產品績效之關係。

In the fast change of technology''s generation, new products development is becoming one of the important sources of increases competitive advantage. According to the statistics information, about one third of corporate''s profit comes from the promotion of new product in the market, then, new product development becomes a popular issue, but the success is often elusive. Project performance about the new product development is probably affected by many contingencies, such as project factor, organizational factor, environmental factor, and so on. And these contingencies will create many tensions surrounding product development, so project managers must adjust their behaviors to solve these conflicts.
This study concerned about how the manager''s management style had influence on the performance of new product development, and the relationship between open actions and new products development while the project execution and concept innovation was discussed. Moreover, the different degrees of technical uncertainties were explored in the study. Our issue was to figure out how did technical uncertainty had impact on open actions-performance relationships. The findings were:
1. The open actions had negatively impact on new product performance while the project execution.
2. The open actions had positively impact on new product performance while the concept innovation.
3. Technical uncertainty moderated open action- new product performance relationships negatively.

Alper, S., D. Tjosvold, et al. (2000). "Conflict management, efficacy, and performance in organizational teams." Personnel Psychology 53(3): 625-642.
Atuahene-Gima, K. (2003). "The Effects of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces on Product Development Speed and Quality: How Does Problem Solving Matter?" The Academy of Management Journal 46(3): 359-373.
Axtell, C. M., D. J. Holman, et al. (2000). "Shopfloor innovation: Facilitating the suggestion and implementation of ideas." Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology 73(3): 265-385.
Beal, D. J., R. R. Cohen, et al. (2003). "Cohesion and Performance in Groups: A Meta-Analytic Clarification of Construct Relations." Journal of Applied Psychology 88(6): 989-1004.
Bollen, K. A. a. S., R. (1992). "Bootstrapping Goodness of Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models." Sociological Methods and Research 21: 205-229.
Brown, S. L. and K. M. Eisenhardt (1995). "Product Development: Past Research, Present Findings, and Future Directions." Academy of Management Review 20(2): 343-378.
Brown, S. L. and K. M. Eisenhardt (1997). "The Art of Continuous Change: Linking Complexity Theory and Time-paced Evolution in Relentlessly Shifting Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 42(1): 1-34.
Burns, T., G. M. Stalker. (1961). "The Management of Innovation." Tavistock Publications, London.
Chatman, J. A., J. T. Polzer, et al. (1998). "Being Different Yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes." Administrative Science Quarterly 43(4): 749-780.
Chin, W. W. (1998). " "The PLS Approach to SEM," in Modern Methods for Business Research, G. A. Marcoulides (ed.)." Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 295-336.
Chin, W. W. (1998a). "Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling." MIS Quarterly 22 (1): vii-xvi.
Chin, W. W. (1998b). "The PLS approach to SEM. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.)." Modern methods for business research: 295-336.
Cooper, R. G. (2001). "Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch." New York: Basic books.
Daft, R. L. and R. H. Lengel (1984). "Information Richness: A New Approach to Managerial Behaviour and Organizational Design." Research in Organizational Behaviour 6: 191-233.
Daft, R. L. and R. H. Lengel (1986). "Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design." Manage. Sci. 32(5): 554-571.
Dougherty, D. (1996). "Organizing for innovation. In S R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.)." Handbook of organization studies: 424-439. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
Dougherty, D. (2006). "Organizing for Innovation in the 21st Century." The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies. Sage Publications,London: 598–617.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and B. N. Tabrizi (1995). "Accelerating Adaptive Processes: Product Innovation in the Global Computer Industry." Administrative Science Quarterly 40(1): 84-110.
Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker (1981). "Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error." Journal of Marketing Research 18(1): 39-50.
Frese, M., E. Teng, et al. (1999). "Helping to improve suggestion systems: Predictors of making suggestions in companies." Journal of Organizational Behavior 20(7): 1139.
Frishammar, J. and H. YlinenpAA (2007). "Managing information in new prodouct development: a conceptual review, research propositions and tentative model. ." International Journal of Innovation Management 11(4): 441-467.
Gefen, D., and Straub, D. W. (2005). "A Practical Guide to Factorial Validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and Annotated Example." Communications of the AIS (16:25): 91-109.
Gefen, D., Straub, D. W., and Boudreau, M. C. (2000). "Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice." Communications of the Association for Information Systems 1-77.
Gibson, C. B. and J. Birkinshaw (2004). "The Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity." Academy of Management Journal 47(2): 209-226.
Glynn, M. A. (1996). "Innovative Genius: A Framework for Relating Individual and Organizational Intelligences to Innovation." The Academy of Management Review 21(4): 1081-1111.
Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). "Multivariate data analysis." NJ .Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River.
Henseler, J., &Fassott,G. (2009). "Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models:An Illustrations of Available Procedures. In: V.Espositovinza, W.W.Chin, J.Henseler&H.Wang(Eds)." Handbook of partial least squares:Concepts, methods, and applications. Berlin: Springer(inprint).
Jackson, S. E., A. Joshi, et al. (2003). "Recent Research on Team and Organizational Diversity: SWOT Analysis and Implications." Journal of Management 29(6): 801.
Jarvis, C. B., S. B. Mackenzie, et al. (2003). "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research." Journal of Consumer Research 30(2): 199-218.
Johnston, A. C. and M. Warkentin (2010). "Fear Appeals and Information Security Behaviors: An Empirical Study." MIS Quarterly 34(3): 549-A544.
Katz, R. (1982). "The Effects of Group Longevity on Project Communication and Performance." Administrative Science Quarterly 27(1): 81-104.
Keller, R. T. (2001). "Cross-Functional Project Groups in Research and New Product Development: Diversity, Communications, Job Stress, and Outcomes." Academy of Management Journal 44(3): 547-555.
Klein, R. and A. Rai (2009). "Interfirm Strategic Information Flows in Logistics Supply Chain Relationships." MIS Quarterly 33(4): 735-762.
Krishnan, V. and K. T. Ulrich (2001). "Product Development Decisions: A Review of the Literature." Management Science 47(1): 1.
Lewis, M. W., M. A. Welsh, et al. (2002). "Product Development Tensions: Exploring Contrastinsg Styles of Project Management. ." Academy of Management Journal 45(3): 546-564.
MacCormack, A. and R. Verganti (2003). "Managing the Sources of Uncertainty: Matching Process and Context in Software Development." Journal of Product Innovation Management 20(3): 217-232.
Mathieu, J. E., T. S. Heffner, et al. (2000). "The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance." Journal of Applied Psychology 85(2): 273-283.
Mishra, S., D. Kim, et al. (1996). "Factors Affecting New Product Success: Cross-Country Comparisons." Journal of Product Innovation Management 13(6): 530-550.
Moenaert, R. K. and A. De Meyer (1995). "R&D/marketing communication during the fuzzy front-end." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 42(3): 243.
Montoya-Weiss, M. M. and R. Calantone (1994). "Determinants of New Product Performance: A Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Product Innovation Management 11(5): 397-417.
Moorman, C. and A. S. Miner (1998). "The Convergence of Planning and Execution: Improvisation in New Product Development." Journal of Marketing 62(3): 1-20.
Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. 1994 (1994). "Psychometric Theory (3 rd ed.)." New York: McGraw-Hill.
Page, A. L. (1993). "Assessing New Product Development Practices and Performance: Establishing Crucial Norms." Journal of Product Innovation Management 10(4): 273-290.
Pelz, D. C., F. M. Andrews (1966). "Scientists in Organizations." Wiley, New York,NY: Wiley.
Pennings, J. M. (1992). "Structural contingency theory: A reappraisal. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Gummings (Eds.)." Research in organizational hehavior 14: 267-309,Greenwich, GT: JAI Press.
Petter, S., Straub, D., and Rai, A. (2007). "Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research." MIS Quarterly Dec. : 623-656.
Pettigrew, A. M., E. M. Fenton (2000). "Complexities and dualities in innovative forms of organizing." A. M. Pettigrew,E. M. Fenton, eds. The Innovating Organization. Sage, London: 279-300.
Ravichandran, T. and A. Rai (2000). "Quality Management in Systems Development: An Organizational System Perspective." MIS Quarterly 24(3): 381-415.
Rousseau, D. M., S. B. Sitkin, et al. (1998). "Not So Different After: A Cross-Displin View of Trust." Academy of Management Review 23(3): 393-404.
Schein, E. H. (1985). "Organizational Culture and Leadership." Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Shenhar, A. J. and D. Dvir (1996). "Toward a typological theory of project management." Research Policy 25(4): 607-632.
Sheremata, W. A. (2000). "Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces in Radical New Product Development under Time Pressure." Academy of Management Review 25(2): 389-408.
Sheremata, W. A. (2002). "Finding and solving problems in software new product development." Journal of Product Innovation Management 19(2): 144-158.
Smith, P. a. D. R. (1998). "Developing Products in Half the Time." New York,NY: Wiley.
Song, M. and M. M. Montoya-Weiss (2001). "The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development." Academy of Management Journal 44(1): 61-80.
Song, X. M. and M. M. Montoya-weiss (1998). "Critical Development Activities for Really New versus Incremental Products." Journal of Product Innovation Management 15(2): 124-135.
Tushman, M. and C. O''Reilly (2000). "Winning through Innovation: A Practical Guide to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal." Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
Ulrich, K. T. and S. D. Eppinger (2008). "Product Design and Development."
Verworn, B., C. Herstatt, et al. (2006). "The impact of the fuzzy front end on new product development success in Japanese NPD projects." Arbeitspapier Nr. 39
Verworn, B., C. Herstatt, et al. (2008). "The fuzzy front end of Japanese new product development projects: impact on success and differences between incremental and radical projects." R&D Management 38(1): 1-19.
Wageman, R. (2001). "How Leaders Foster Self-Managing Team Effectiveness: Design Choices Versus Hands-on Coaching." Organization Science 12(5): 559-577.
Weick, K. E. (1995). " Sensemaking in Organizations." Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Wilson, J. M., P. S. Goodman, et al. (2007). "Group Learning." Academy of Management Review 32(4): 1041-1059.
Wold, H. (1982). "Soft Modelling: The Basic Design and some Extensions. In K.G. Joreskog & H. Wold (Eds.)." Systems Under Indirect Observation, Part II. Amsterdam:North Holland Pres.
Zahay, D., A. Griffin, et al. (2004). "Sources, uses, and forms of data in the new product development process." Industrial Marketing Management 33(7): 657-666.
Zi-Lin, H. and W. Poh-Kam (2004). "Exploration vs. Exploitation: An Empirical Test of the Ambidexterity Hypothesis." Organization Science 15(4): 481-494.