淡水河流域中下游生地化狀態之研究：時間序列觀測及一維模式模擬

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研究生：	林宸宏 Chen-hung Lin
論文名稱：	淡水河流域中下游生地化狀態之研究：時間序列觀測及一維模式模擬 Reasearch on biogeochemical condition in Danshuei River midstream and downstream with observation and 1-D advection-diffusion-reaction model simulation
指導教授：	許少瑜 Shao-yiu Hsu
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	地球科學學院 - 水文與海洋科學研究所 Graduate Instittue of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	119
中文關鍵詞：	生地化狀態研究、一維模式模擬、淡水河流域、時間序列觀測
外文關鍵詞：	Biogeochemical, 1-D model, Danshuei River, observation
相關次數：	點閱：11 下載：0
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摘要
淡水河為台灣第二大河，集水區域人口總數達800萬人，人為污染造成淡水河有優養化以及季節性的缺氧的情形。本研究為了解淡水河優養化與缺氧的程度，於2013年至2014年期間，量測了淡水河主流的鹽度、溶氧、葉綠素、營養鹽、顆粒碳與氮，並以FEMME (Flexible Environment for Mathematically Modelling the Environment) 模式研究造成優養化以及缺氧的機制。
量測結果得知淡水河主流的中上游部分(離河口39~96公里)水質較佳，溶氧接近飽和狀態(>274 M)，氮營養鹽濃度皆低(<82.2 M)，水體內的氮營養鹽以硝酸根為主(佔89%)。到了人口較稠密之大台北都會區時(離河口14~39公里)，水質漸趨優養化，溶氧逐漸下降(最低達102 M)，氮營養鹽濃度逐漸上升(最高達334 M)，水體內的氮營養鹽以銨離子為主(佔73%)。而在近出海口時(離河口0~14公里)，受海水混合影響，平均溶氧上升至174 M，平均氮營養鹽下降至35.9 M，水體內的氮營養鹽以銨為主(佔65%)。
由FEMME模式計算結果得出在淡水河主流中，最主要移除溶氧之途徑為下游平流輸出(占51.3%)，其次是有機物分解(占38%)；而溶氧的主要來源為平流輸入(占52.2%)，其次是初級生產(占21.5%)。銨的主要來源為支流與汙水設施輸入(占86.6%)，其次是有機物分解(占10.1%)；銨的移除途徑主要為下游擴散(占73.6%)，其次是下游平流輸出(占13.1%)，然而淡水河河道內生化作用不顯著。
由環保署的歷史資料分析結果得知，淡水河主流與支流中之溶氧濃度大多呈現逐年上升趨勢，氨離子濃度呈現逐年下降趨勢，說明淡水河水質隨著汙水接管率提高而逐年改善。藉由FEMME模式情境模擬得知，如將浮洲橋附近之點源汙染移至下游注入，即能藉由潮汐擴散的幫助將汙染物移出淡水河，解決浮洲橋區間缺氧的現象。

Abstract
The Danshuei River is the second largest river in Taiwan. The population in its watershed is over 800 million. The high population causes the eutrophication and seasonal hypoxia. In this study, the seasonal variation of salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, nutrients and particulate carbon and nitrogen from Shimen reservoir to Danshui River estuary during 2013 to 2014 were surveyed and analyzed by FEMME (Flexible Environment for Mathematically Modelling the Environment) model in order to understand the magnitude and mechanism of eutrophication and hypoxia.
Based on the observations, the water quality in upstream (39 to 96 kilometers from the estuary) of the Danshuei River is better than that in midstream and downstream. Dissolved oxygen was close to saturation (> 274 M), nitrogen nutrient concentration was low (<82.2 M), and nitrate was the dominant component of DIN(dissolved inorganic nitrogen) (accounting for 89%). The water quality in midstream (14 to 39 kilometers from the estuary) of the Danshuei River where is close to a highly populated area was more eutrophic than that in the upstream of the Danshuei River. From upstream to midstream, the dissolved oxygen decreased (minimum of 102 M), the DIN concentrations gradually increased (maximum 334.2 M), and ammonium became the dominant component of DIN (accounting for 73%). However, the water quality in the downstream (0 to 14 kilometers from the estuary) of the Danshuei River was better than that in the midstream because of the mixing with seawater. From midstream to downstream, the average dissolved oxygen increased to 174 M, average nitrogen nutrients decreased to 35.9 M, and ammonium was still the dominant component of DIN(accounting for 65%).
The FEMME modeling results showed that dispersion is the most important sink source of dissolved oxygen in Danshuei River in downstream (accounting for 51.3%), which is followed by decomposition of organic matter (accounting for 38%). The main source of dissolved oxygen is dispersion inputs (accounting for 52.2%), which is followed by primary production (accounting for 21.5). The main source of ammonia is tributary and sewage input (accounting for 86.6%), followed by the decomposition of organic matter (accounting for 10.1%). The main sink ammonium is downstream diffusion (accounting for 73.6%), followed by dispersion (accounting for 13.1%). The biochemical processes is not an important source or sink of ammonia and dissolved oxygen. .
Historical data from Environmental Protection Agency suggested that the dissolved oxygen concentration rose in the Danshuei River mainstream and all tributaries except for Fu-Zhou bridge in Dahan River. The increasing sewage treatment rate in Taipei may be one of the reasons of the improvement of water quality in Danshuei River. But, the sewage discharge was focused in Fu-Zhou bridge section that deteriorated the water quality at that region. Scenario simulations done by FEMME model show that to move the sewage discharge from Fu-Zhou bridge to Dihua sewage treatment plant in downstream would significantly improve the water quality since the pollutant can be fast diluted by the tidal mixing.

目 錄
摘 要    I
Abstract    III
致 謝    VI
目 錄    VII
表 目 錄    X
圖 目 錄    XI
第一章 緒論    2
1.1 缺氧區    2
1.2 過量氮輸出來源    2
1.3 過量氮輸出之影響    3
1.4 淡水河簡介    3
1.5 淡水河文獻回顧    4
1.6 研究目的    5
第二章 材料與方法    6
2.1 野外採樣    6
2.1.1 採樣時間與頻率    6
2.1.2 採樣地點    6
2.1.3 採樣與保存方式    8
2.1.4 分析方法    8
2.2一維數值模式FEMME    11
2.2.1 物理模式簡介    12
2.2.2 生地化反應模式簡介    15
2.3模式運行    19
2.3.1 模擬區域與時間    19
2.3.2 資料準備    20
2.3.3模式運行和校正    21
第三章 結果    23
3.1 觀測結果    23
3.1.1 鹽度    23
3.1.2 溶氧    24
3.1.3 硝酸根與亞硝酸根    25
3.1.4 銨離子    25
3.1.5 葉綠素    26
3.1.6 顆粒氮    26
3.2模式結果    27
3.2.1鹽度    27
3.2.2溶氧    28
3.2.3硝酸根與亞硝酸根    28
3.2.4銨    29
3.2.5葉綠素    29
3.2.6顆粒氮    30
3.3模式收支結果    30
3.3.1溶氧收支    31
3.3.2硝酸加亞硝酸收支    31
3.3.3銨收支    32
第四章討論    33
4.1觀測結果之比較    33
4.1.1鹽度    33
4.1.2溶氧    33
4.1.3 磷酸根    34
4.1.4 葉綠素    34
4.1.5銨    34
4.1.6矽酸根    34
4.1.7硝酸根    34
4.1.8亞硝酸根    35
4.2溶氧與銨濃度之長年趨勢分析    36
4.2.1 資料來源    36
4.2.2 分析方式    36
4.2.3 分析結果討論    36
4.3汙染物注入點改變對淡水河影響    37
4.3.1對溶氧的影響    37
4.3.2對銨的影響    38
第五章 結論與建議    40
5.1 觀測與模擬結論    40
5.2 前人觀測數據比較結論    41
5.3 歷史資料趨勢結論    41
5.4 汙染點改變對淡水河影響結論    42
5.5 建議    42
英文參考文獻    43
中文參考文獻    47
附錄A 觀測數據    97
附錄B 模擬數據    102

 
表 目 錄
縮寫詞對照表    1
表1-1 淡水河氮、磷排放量與世界大河比較 [Wen et al., 2008]    49
表2-1 各測站座標及離河口距離    50
表2-2 模式各生地化過程計算公式    51
表2-3 模式參數表    53
表2-4 模式初始條件與邊界條件    55
表2-5 迪化汙水處理廠銨觀測資料 [藍, 2012]    55
表2-6 站點所占之集水區面積    55
表2-7 利用集水區面積估算各測站2014年之月平均流量結果    56
表2-8 模式支流流量及注入各物質濃度    57
表2-9 模式各演算河段之深度與截面積    58
表3-1 模式模擬結果技術指標    59
表3-2 模式狀態變化計算過程    59
表4-1 各事件中各點源所注入之流量及濃度    59

 
圖 目 錄
圖1-1、全球缺氧區分布圖    60
圖1-2、全球氮來源供應量逐年趨勢圖    60
圖1-3、自然界中之氮循環路徑圖    61
圖2-1、淡水河流域土地利用圖    62
圖2-2、研究區域與採樣地點    63
圖2-3、模式架構示意圖    64
圖2-4、模式運行流程圖    65
圖2-5、擴散係數EMax與EMin敏感度測試圖    66
圖2-6、潮汐混合參數TidA與Tidk敏感度測試圖    66
圖2-7、加入支流、農灌渠道與抽水站前後之變化圖    67
圖2-8、 參數敏感度測試圖    68
圖2-9、k_S^Inh參數敏感度測試圖    69
圖2-10、P_Sal^Nit參數敏感度測試圖    70
圖2-11、k_(O_2)^Inh參數敏感度測試圖    71
圖3-1、台北雨量站實測之日累積雨量圖    72
圖3-2、鹽度、溶氧、飽和溶氧觀測結果    73
圖3-3、溶氧沿河段實拍圖    74
圖3-4、硝酸根、亞硝酸根、硝酸根加亞硝酸根觀測結果    75
圖3-5、三鶯橋至城林橋區間土地利用圖    76
圖3-6、硝酸根與亞硝酸根沿河段實拍圖    77
圖3-7、銨、葉綠素、顆粒氮觀測結果    78
圖3-9、鹽度模擬結果    80
圖3-10、溶氧模擬結果    80
圖3-11、硝酸根離子模擬結果    81
圖3-12、銨離子模擬結果    81
圖3-13、葉綠素模擬結果    82
圖3-14、顆粒性有機氮模擬結果    82
圖3-15、石門水庫至出海口溶氧反應速率圖    83
圖3-16、溶氧收支平衡圖    83
圖3-17、石門水庫至出海口硝酸根加亞硝酸根反應速率圖    84
圖3-18、硝酸根加亞硝酸根收支平衡圖    84
圖3-19、石門水庫至出海口銨反應速率圖    85
圖3-20、銨收支平衡圖    85
圖4-1、鹽度、溶氧、磷與葉綠素歷史資料比較圖    86
圖4-2、銨、矽、硝酸與亞硝酸歷史資料與本研究比較圖    87
圖4-3、三峽橋與大溪橋溶氧與銨趨勢分析圖    88
圖4-4、百齡橋與華中橋溶氧與銨趨勢分析圖    89
圖4-5、浮洲橋與關渡橋溶氧與銨趨勢分析圖    90
圖4-6、淡水河溶氧隨汙染點位置改變的分布狀態圖    91
圖4-7、在不同污染點源下溶氧反應速率圖    92
圖4-8、在不同污染點源下溶氧收支圖    93
圖4-9、淡水河銨隨汙染點位置改變的分布狀態圖    94
圖4-10、在不同污染點源下溶氧反應速率圖    95
圖4-11、在不同污染點源下溶氧收支圖    96


                                

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