| 研究生: |
李宗益 Tzung-Yi Lee |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
設計能使學習者感受關懷之可情緒互動虛擬人物 Building an Interactive Caring Agent for Students in Computer-based Learning Environments |
| 指導教授: |
陳國棟
Gwo-Dong Chen |
| 口試委員: | |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
資訊電機學院 - 資訊工程學系 Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering |
| 畢業學年度: | 95 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 75 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 同理回饋 、學習 、情緒互動 、虛擬人物 、關懷 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | caring, virtual character, learning, empathic interface |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:10 下載:0 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
虛擬人物的快速發展已經讓人機互動方式,以及人們對於電腦的看法產生重大影響。昔日人機介面只能以文字對話,如今虛擬人物能以栩栩如生之姿來與使用者進行面對面的情緒互動,並協助人們完成各式各樣的任務。
在教育與醫療方面,關懷扮演著極重要的角色,它能提供溫暖與協助人們處理情緒方面的問題。因此在本論文中,我們試圖透過臉部表情、手勢、身體動作以及社交對話,結合同理心與主動傾聽的運用,設計出一個具有關懷能力的虛擬人物Maggie,來與學習者在電腦學習環境中進行情緒互動。在學習系統中,關懷人物能夠傾聽學習者的社會與情感需求,並站在對方的角度去思考,提供同理式回應來改善學習者在遇到困難時所產生的負面情緒(例如:挫折),最後給予支持鼓勵,幫助其恢復學習信心。
本系統實驗對象為15位大一學生(12位男生,3位女生),學生在學習系統中分別與三種代理人(具關懷能力虛擬人物、不具關懷能力虛擬人物,以及僅用文字對話關懷的代理人)進行互動。初步的結果顯示,有關懷能力虛擬人物不僅讓學習者感受到更多關懷,對於學習方面也產生一些正面影響,例如具關懷能力虛擬人物促進了學習者教材複習意願、繼續測驗意願,以及測驗答題數目。學生也認為有關懷能力的虛擬人物運用社交化行為(例如:寒暄、閒聊近況),配合情意動作的表現,不但有助於引發他們的學習興趣,還能提升學生使用學習系統的意願。
The rapid development of virtual characters has enormous influence on human-computer interaction and the perception of people. In the past, computers just only use text-based interface to communicate with users, but today life-like virtual characters can provide face-to-face emotional interaction to assist people in completing all kinds of tasks. On the other hand, caring plays a very crucial role in education and medical professions to help people deal with emotional problems. Therefore, in this paper, we present an interactive caring virtual character who uses facial expressions, hand gestures, body movements, and social dialogue to show empathy and active listening for interacting with learners and making them feel cared in a learning system. The caring virtual character would listen to learners’ social and affective needs, provide empathic feedback to recover from their negative emotions (such as frustration), and encourage learners to overcome academic problems. The caring virtual character''s effectiveness was evaluated against two control conditions (virtual character without caring ability and text-based caring agent). The preliminary results show that, in comparison with the two controls, the virtual character with caring ability may not only make the subjects feel more cared and increase the interaction between the subjects and the learning system, but also has positive effects to a certain degree on the subjects'' learning, promoting their interest in course material, and making them more engaged in learning.
林群泰(民95)。使用虛擬代言人透過關懷互動與學生建立長期關係的學習網站互動機制。國立中央大學資訊工程學系碩士論文。
詹竹莘(民92)。表演技術與表演教程。書林出版有限公司。
廖永靜(民92)。做個A+爸爸。遠流出版社。
張文斌(民89)。道德與健康之統整教學。
Alessi, N.E., & Huang, M.P. (2000).Evolution of the Virtual Human: From Term to Potential Application in Psychiatry. CyberPsychology & Behavior 3, 321-326.
Badler, N., & Allbeck, J. (2001): Towards behavioral consistency in animated agents. Deformable Avatars, Kluwer Academic Publishers, N. Magnenat-Thalmann and D. Thalmann, eds., pp. S. 191-205.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Batson, C. D. (1991).The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Baylor, A.L. & Kim, Y. (2005) Simulating instructional roles through pedagogical agents.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 15, 1–18.
Bickmore, T., Cassell, J. (2004).Social Dialogue with Embodied Conversational Agents. In J. van Kuppevelt, L. Dybkjaer, and N. Bernsen (eds.), Natural, Intelligent and Effective Interaction with Multimodal Dialogue Systems. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Bickmore, T., Picard, R., (2005).Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 12 293–327.
Brave, S., Nass, C., Hutchinson, K. (2005) Computers that care: investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 62 161–178.
Burke, R.(2003).Great expectations : Prediction in entertainment systems. In: Life-like Characters. Tools, Affective Functions and Applications, ed. by Prendinger, H., Ishizuka, M. (Springer 2003). This volume.
Burleson, W. (2006).Affective Learning Companions: Strategies for Empathetic Agents with Real-Time Multimodal Affective Sensing to Foster Meta-Cognitive and Meta-Affective Approaches to Learning, Motivation, and Perseverance. MIT PhD Thesis, September 2006.
Bull, S., Greer, J. & Mccalla, G. 2003. The Caring Personal Agent. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 13(1), 21-34.
Cassell, J., Sullivan, J., Prevost, S., Churchill, E.(eds).(2000).Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Cassell, J., & Thórisson, K. (1999). The power of a nod and a glance: envelope vs. emotional feedback in animated conversational agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 13, 519-538.
Cooper, B. (2003). Care – Making the affective leap: More than a concerned interest in a learner’s cognitive abilities. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 13, 1.
Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction: Allyn & Bacon.
Eisenberg, N. (2002). Empathy-related emotional responses, altruism, and their socialization. In R. J. Davidson & A. Harrington (Eds.). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. 135 131-164. London: Oxford University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1977). Manual for the Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hall.
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406.
Fogg, B. J. (2003). Computers as Persuasive Social Actors, Persuasive Technology Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do, pp 89-120.
Givens, D. B. (2006). Nonverbal dictionary of gestures, signs and body language cues. Center for Nonverbal Studies Press, Washington. Available at
http://www.members.aol.com/nonverbal2/diction1.htm
Gordon, T. (1970). P.E.T.: Parent Effectiveness Training. New York. Plume Books (New American Library), New York.
Håkansson, H. and Montgomery, H. (2003).Empathy as an interpersonal phenomenon. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 267-284.
Hargie, O. and Dickson, D. (2004). Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice. Routledge, 4th ed.
Hill, R., Gratch, J., Marsella, S., Rickel, J., Swartout, W. and Traum, D. (2003).Virtual Humans in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise System. Künstliche Intelligenz 4, 03, 5-10.
Hone, K. (2006) Empathic Agents to Reduce User Frustration: The Effects of Varying Agent
Characteristics. Interacting with Computers 18 227–245.
Ickes, W.(Ed.).(1997).Empathic Accuracy. The Guildford Press, New York.
Messina , J.J., & Constance Messina.(2007). Nonverbal Communication Issues. Available at http://www.coping.org/dialogue/nonverbal.htm#nonverbal
Johnsen, K., Raij, A., Stevens, A., D. Lind and B. Lok (2007).The Validity of a Virtual Human Experience for Interpersonal Skills Education.To Appear in ACM SIGCHI 2007.
Johnson, W. L., Rickel, J. W., & Lester, J. C. (2000). Animated pedagogical agents: Face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11, 47-78.
Kim, Y. (2005).Empathetic virtual peers enhanced learner interest and self-efficacy. In Workshop on Motivation and Affect in Educational Software, in conjunction with the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Klein, J., Moon, Y., Picard, R. (2002). This computer responds to user frustration. Interacting with Computers 14 (2), 119–140.
Knapp, M.L. and J.A. Hall.(1992).Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publisher.
Kort, B., Reilly, R., and Picard, R.W.(2001).An Affective Model of Interplay Between Emotions and Learning: Reengineering Educational Pedagogy—Building a Learning Companion. In Proceedings of ICALT.
Lester, J., Callaway, C., Grégoire, J., Stelling, G., Towns, S., & Zettlemoyer, L. (2001).Animated pedagogical agents in knowledge-based learning environments. In K. Forbus & P. Feltovich (Eds.) Smart Machines in Education (pp. 269-298). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI/MIT Press.
Lester, J., Stone, B., Converse, S., Kahler, S., & Barlow, S. (1997). Animated pedagogical agents and problem-solving effectiveness: a large-scale empirical evaluation. Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 23-30). Amsterdam: IOS.
Lweis, H.(1998).Body Language, aguid for professionals. New Delhi, India: Response Books.
Malinowski, B. (1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages. The Meaning of Meaning. C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marakas, G., Johnson, R. and Palmer, J.W.(2000).A Theoretical Model of Differential Social Attributions Toward Computing Technology: When the Metaphor Becomes the Model," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52, April, 719-750.
Marynelle Devore Chew, Brian Roberts, Nathan M. Smith.(1988).The Effects of Reference Librarians'' Nonverbal Communications on the Patrons'' Perceptions of the Library, Librarians, and Themselves. Library and Information Science Research, 10, p.390.
Mateas, M. and Stern, A. 2004. A Behavior Language: Joint Action and Behavioral Idioms. In Predinger, H. and Ishiuka, M.(Eds), Life-like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions and Applications, Springer 2004.
Mayeroff, M., (1971). On Caring. New York: Harper and Row.
Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine.
Moundridou, M., & Virvou, M. (2002). Evaluating the persona effect of an interface agent in a tutoring system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 18, 253-261.
Nass, C., Steuer, J., & Tauber, E. R. (1994), Computers Are Social Actors, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, Massachusetts USA, ACM Press, pp.72-78.
Nierenberg, G.I. and Calero, H.H. (2001).How to Read a Person Like a Book. Barnes & Noble Digital.
Noddings, N. (1986). Caring - a Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. USA: University of California Press.
Norman, D. A. (2004), Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things, New York: Basic Books.
Nugent, W.R., Halvorson, H., 1995. Testing the effects of active listening. Research on Social Work Practice 5(2), 152-175.
Picard, R. W. (1997), Affective Computing, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Reategui, E., Boff, E., Campbell, J.A.(2007).Using virtual characters in personalized
Recommendations.180-184
Shaw, E., Johnson, W, & Ganeshan, R. (1999). Pedagogical Agents on the Web. Proceedings of Autonomous Agents''99 (pp. 283-290). Seattle WA USA: ACM Press.
Sumi, Y., Mase, K. (2004).Interface agents that facilitate knowledge interactions between community members. In: Life-Like Characters .Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications, Springer-Verlag (Cognitive Technologies series) pp 405-427.
van Mulken, S., André, E., & Müller, J. (1998). The persona effect: how substantial is it?. In H. Johnson, L. Nigay, L., & C. Roast (Eds.) People and Computers XIII: Proceedings of HCI''98 (pp. 53-66). Berlin: Springer.
Wentzel, K. (1997). "Student Motivation in Middle School: The Role of Perceived Pedagogical Caring." Journal of Educational Psychology 89(3): 411-419.
Wong ,C. A. and Dornbusch ,S. M.(2000).Adolescent engagement in school and problem behaviors: The role of perceived teacher caring, presented at Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Zanbaka, C., Ulinski, A., Goolkasian, P., Hodges, L. (2007). Social responses to virtual humans: Implications for future interface design, In Proc. CHI.