十八世紀中葉以來，英國的肖像畫風格出現大幅改變，其中母子肖像畫越發強調感性情感，重視畫中人物彼此間的情感表達。母子肖像畫的數量大幅增長，尤其人物規模從廣納家庭成員縮減至核心家庭規模，突顯出此類畫種特殊的文化意義。本篇論文旨在探討十八世紀英國貴族母親形象的文化意義，以母子肖像畫、版畫為主要材料，並從當代的勸導書、醫學文章、小說、傳記、信件等，從而建立母親形象的文化脈絡，另也考慮到母子肖像畫不同的展示空間。

第一章主要統整分類藝術作品中的母親形象，對比十八世紀前後期母親形象的差異，以及不同畫家的風格差異。接著從文字內容建立母親形象的文化脈絡，了解觀者對於母子肖像畫展現感性情感的普遍聯想。第二章主要論述皇家藝術學院夏季展覽對於塑造母親公共形象的影響力，以雷諾茲（ Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723-1792）的母子肖像畫為探討對象，並藉由版畫記錄下的展覽環境，探討母親形象於觀眾、於個人的不同連結。第三
章以版畫為主要研究材料，包括原創版畫與相關主題的諷刺版畫，探討更多不同的貴族母親形象。

As British portrait style underwent a clear transition in the mid decades of the eighteenth century, so did the imagery of mothers and children. The number of mother-child portraits also increased significantly, and the degree of physical and eye contact between the sitters defines their relationship in terms of emotional intimacy. The family evolved from a formal, patriarchal structure toward an intimate, nuclear model, highlighting the special redefinition of motherhood.

This thesis analyses mother-child portraits and prints and explores the significance that such images have for our understanding of eighteenth-century motherhood, within the context of contemporary conduct books, medical literature, novels, biographies, correspondence, and exhibition spaces. Chapter one focuses on maternal images in mother-child portraits, examining earlier and later works with different styles and discussing the pictorial and literary sentimentalisation of motherhood. Chapter two explores the impact of the Royal Academy exhibitions on shaping the public image of mothers, focusing on Joshua Reynolds’s mother-child portraits. Prints representing exhibition spaces will be examined so as to explore the different kinds of pictorial dialogue between individual paintings and the other works that surrounded them on the walls. Chapter three looks at prints, including original prints and satirical prints, and explores more different images of aristocratic mothers.

中文書目

林芊宏，《十八世紀的復甦： 維多利亞時期的圖畫書與懷舊的年代》，台北： 新銳文創， 2017。
讓－賈克．盧梭（ Jean-Jacques Rousseau）著，《愛彌兒》（Emile, ou De l'education），魏肇基譯， 臺北： 臺灣商務， 2013。
艾曼達．佛曼（ Amanda Foreman）著，《浮華一世情：德文郡公爵夫人喬吉安娜的傳奇一生》（ Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire），呂亨英、吳妍儀譯， 臺北：如果出版，2009。
吴达志，《中国大百科全书美术I》， 北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1992。

西文書目

Brewer, John. The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Clarke, Tim. The Countess: The Scandalous Life of Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing Limited, 2016.
Cunningham, Allan. The Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters, Sculptors and Architects. 6 Vols. London: J. Murray, 1829.
D'Oench, Ellen G, and John Raphael Smith. Copper into Gold: Prints by John Raphael Smith (1752-1812). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
D'Oench, Ellen G. The Conversation Piece: Arthur Devis & His Contemporaries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.
Donald, Diana. The Age of Caricature: Satirical Prints in the Reign of George III. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
Farington, Joseph. Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Ed. Postle, Martin. London: Pallas Athene, 2005.
Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2000.
George, Mary Dorothy, et al. Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum: Division I. Political and Personal Satires. London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1870-1954.
Graves, Algernon, and William Vine Cronin. A History of the Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A.. London: Published by subscription for the proprietors by Henry Graves and Co., 1899-1901.
---. The Society of Artists of Great Britain, 1760-1791; the Free Society of Artists, 1761-1783: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from the Foundation of the Societies to 1791. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1907.
Hartley, J. History of the Westminster Election: Containing Every Material Occurrence from Its Commencement on the First of April to the Final Close of the Poll on the 17th of May: To Which Is Prefixed a Summary Account of the Proceedings of the Late Parliament ... With Other Select and Interesting Occurrences at the Westminister Meeting .... To Which Is Now Added a Complete History of the Scrutiny and the Proceedings of the House of Commons Thereon. London: J. Debrett, 1785.
Houston, Kerr. An Introduction to Art Criticism: Histories, Strategies, Voices. London: Pearson, 2013.
Hurl-Eamon, Jennine. Women's Roles in Eighteenth-Century Europe. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2010.
Jaffe, Irma B. The Italian Presence in American Art, 1860-1920. 2 Vols. New York City: Fordham University Press, 1992.
Johnson, E. D. H.. Paintings of the British Social Scene: From Hogarth to Sickert. New York: Rizzoli, 1986.
Jones, Robert W. Gender and the Formation of Taste in Eighteenth-Century Britain: The Analysis of Beauty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Leslie, Charles Robert, and Tom Taylor. Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds: With Notices of Some of His Contemporaries. London: J. Murray, 1865.
Leydier, Gilles, et al. Scotland and Europe, Scotland in Europe. Newcastle, U.K.: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.
Manners, Victoria, and George Charles Williamson. Angelica Kauffmann, R.A., Her Life and Her Works. New York: Brentano's, 1900.
Mannings, David, and Martin Postle. Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
McCreery, Cindy. The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in Late Eighteenth-Century England. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2008.
Northcote, James, et al. The Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds ...: Comprising Original Anecdotes of Many Distinguished Persons, His Contemporaries; and a Brief Analysis of His Discourses. London: Printed for Henry Colburn, Conduit- Street, 1819.
Penny, Nicholas, et al. Reynolds. London: Royal Academy of Arts; in association with Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986.
Pointon, Marcia R. Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth-Century England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1993.
Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
---. A Lasting Relationship: Parents and Children over Three Centuries. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1987.
Postle, Martin, et al. Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity. London: Tate Publishing, 2005.
Retford, Kate. The Art of Domestic Life: Family Portraiture in Eighteenth-Century England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua. The Letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Eds. Edgcumbe, John, and John Ingamells. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Sir Joshua Reynolds's Discourses on Art. Ed. Johnson, Edward Gilpin. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1891.
Royal Academy of Arts. Abstract of the Instrument of Institution and Laws of the Royal Academy of Arts in London Established December 10, 1768. London: Printed by J. Cooper, printer to the Royal Academy, 1797.
Shawe-Taylor, Desmond. The Conversation Piece: Scenes of Fashionable Life. London: Royal Collection Publications, 2009.
---. The Georgians: Eighteenth-Century Portraiture & Society. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd., 1990.
Solkin, David. Art on the Line: The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House, 1780-1836. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1885-1900.
Steward, James Christen. The New Child: British Art and the Origins of Modern Childhood, 1730-1830. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
Uglow, Jenny. William Hogarth: A Life and a World. London: Faber & Faber, 1998.
Virgil. The Works of Virgil: Translated into English Prose with the Latin Text and Order of Construction on the Same Page; and Critical Historical, Geographical, and Classical
Notes in English, from the Best Commentators, Both Ancient and Modern. Beside a Very Great Number of Notes Entirely New. Ed. Campbell, Malcolm. New York: Printed for E. Duyckinck; T. & J. Swords; P. A. Mesier and G. F. Hopkins, 1803.
von Erffa, H., and A. Staley. The Paintings of Benjamin West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
Ward, Thomas Humphry. Romney: A Biographical and Critical Essay: With a Catalogue Raisonné of His Works. 2 Vols. London: Thos. Agnew & sons, 1904.
Whitley, William Thomas. Artists and Their Friends in England, 1700-1799. 2 Vols. London; Boston: The Medici Society, 1928.

中文期刊

謝佳娟，〈 設計的化身、繪畫的文法──十七至十八世紀中葉英國素描概念的演變與意義〉，《新史學》 21 4（ 2010），頁57－139。
莊勝全，〈 家族史研究的兩個面向-介紹 John Demos 和 Lawrence Stone 兩本家族史的著作〉，《臺灣師大歷史學報 》 34期（ 2005），頁187－205。
陳貞臻，〈 西方兒童史研究的回顧與展望-阿利斯 (Ariès) 及其批評者〉，《新史學》 15 1（ 2004），頁167－90。

西文期刊

Clayton, Tim. "‘Figures of Fame’: Reynolds and the Printed Image." Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity. Ed. Martin Postle, et. al. London: Tate Publishing, 2005. 35-47.
Hallett, Mark. "The Academy Quartet: Joshua Reynolds in 1769." Living with the Royal Academy: Artistic Ideals and Experiences in England, 1768-1848. Eds. Monks, Sarah and John Barrell, Mark Hallett. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2013. 25-52.
---. "“The Business of Criticism”: The Press and the Royal Academy Exhibition in Eighteenth-Century London." Art on the Line: The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House, 1780-1836. Ed. Solkin, David. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. 65-75.
---. "Reading the Walls: Pictorial Dialogue at the British Royal Academy." Eighteenth-Century Studies 37 4 (2004): 581-604.
---. "Reynolds, Celebrity and the Exhibition Space." Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity. Ed. Martin Postle, et. al. London: Tate Publishing, 2005.
Munsterberg, Marjorie. "The Beginning of British Art Criticism in the 1760s." The British Art Journal 15 1 (2014): 82-94.
Perry, Gill. "Women in Disguise: Likeness, the Grand Style, and the Conventions of Feminine Portraiture in the Work of Sir Joshua Reynolds." Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-Century Art and Culture. Eds. Perry, Gill and Michael Rossington. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994. 18-40.
Perry, Ruth. "Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England." Journal of the History of Sexuality 2 2 (1991): 204-34.
Plumb, J. H. "The New World of Children in Eighteenth-Century England." Past & Present 67 (1975): 64-95.
Retford, Kate. "From the Interior to Interiority: The Conversation Piece in Georgian England." Journal of Design History 20 4 (2007): 291-307.
---. "Sensibility and Genealogy in the Eighteenth-Century Family Portrait: The Collection at Kedleston Hall." The Historical Journal 46 3 (2003): 533-60.
Rosenthal, Angela H. Rev. of Art on the Line: The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House 1780-1836, David H. Solkin. Eighteenth-Century Studies 35 4 (2002): 601-08.
Tscherny, Nadia. "Reynolds's Streatham Portraits and the Art of Intimate Biography." The Burlington Magazine 128 994 (1986): 4-11.
Wind, Edgar. "Charity: The Case History of a Pattern." Journal of the Warburg Institute 1 4 (1938): 322-30.

學位論文

黃韻璇，《公共理念的實踐： 1824至1865年早期倫敦國家畫廊的定位與革新》， 中央大學，藝術學研究所，碩士論文， 2013。
Giuntini, Parme P. "The Politics of Display: Family Portraits, the Royal Academy and Modern Domestic Ideology." Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Los Angeles, 1995.
Retford, Kate. "Family and Familiarity: The Domestic Sphere in Eighteenth-Century English Visual Culture." Ph.D. Thesis. University of Warwick, 2000.
Shafer, Deborah. "Fashioning an Ideal of Intimacy: British Family Portraits, 1730–1790." Ph.D. Dissertation. Boston University, 2004.

網路資源
Grove Art Online
Rehani, Maisoon "Focus on New Photography: The Edwards Hamilton Family on a Terrace by William Hogarth." Paul Mellon Centre (22 Apr. 2015.)
〈 https://www.paul-mellon-centre.ac.uk/about/news/focus-on-new-photography-the-edwa
rds-hamilton-family-on-a-terrace-by-william-hogarth/〉（ 10/17/2019瀏覽）