鈣鈦礦結構觸媒載體LaTiO2N-C於燃料電池的應用｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	林煒 Wei Lin
論文名稱：	鈣鈦礦結構觸媒載體LaTiO2N-C於燃料電池的應用
指導教授：	諸柏仁 Po-jen Chu
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 化學學系 Department of Chemistry
論文出版年：	2015
畢業學年度：	103
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	115
中文關鍵詞：	甲醇氧化反應、陽極觸媒、鈣鈦礦結構
外文關鍵詞：	Methanol Oxidation Reaction, Anode catalysts, Perovskite Structure
相關次數：	點閱：14 下載：0
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直接甲醇燃料電池具有高能量密度、進料容易、工作溫度低且是乾淨的能源，目前常應用於燃料電池觸媒，不論陽極的甲醇氧化或是陰極的氧還原，還是以白金及其合金觸媒催化效果較好，不過白金是價格昂貴的貴金屬，使得燃料電池成本居高不下，難以商業化，因此目前以減低白金用量(提升單位白金催化活性)的研究方向為主。所以有將白金奈米化的趨勢，而結合能固定奈米粒子的載體材料以利穩定奈米化的催化金屬是常見的策略。
目前常應用於觸媒載體的碳材雖然有高導電度和高表面積的優勢，然而在正電位下，碳容易氧化成二氧化碳使耐久度受到了限制，因此選用具有電化學、熱穩定性和抗腐蝕性的金屬陶瓷材料為一趨勢。根據文獻記載，鈣鈦礦結構LaTiO2N(LTON)的能隙是2.1eV比常應用於燃料電池觸媒載體的TiO2 3.2eV還要低而預測可得到更好的導電性，且此材料有鑭系金屬的參與，這種二元金屬陶瓷材料常有特殊的性質，因此本研究我們選用了鈣鈦礦結構LTON當作載體於應用在燃料電池觸媒的可能性。
實驗結果指出，Ce0.1La0.9TiO2N(Ce0.1-LTON)相較於其它微量Ce摻雜所承載白金具有較好催化甲醇氧化的活性，並由HR-TEM影像中得知Ce0.1-LTON可合成出較小的白金奈米粒徑(約3.7nm)，並比其它的Ce莫耳比，發現Ce含量不同可以有效控制合成時白金奈米金屬的粒徑大小。由於Ce-O-Pt鍵結產生改變還原奈米金屬時的成核環境，然而單純白金金屬易受甲醇氧化時產生的中間產物一氧化碳佔住活性位置降低催化效率，稱為CO毒化(CO-poisoning)，因此通常會添加第二金屬釕形成鉑釕合金當觸媒催化中心降低此效應。承載PtRu後發現需在Ce0.5-LTON才有較佳的催化活性(187A/g per Pt)，並於HR-TEM影像得到較小奈米粒徑(3.5nm)。Ru的加入使系統較複雜，因為還要考慮在還原的環境下，Ru和Ce會形成Ru-Ce complex，因此推測當Ce0.5-LTON承載PtRu時，Ce-O-Pt鍵結和Ru-Ce complex的競爭反應而得到最佳化結果。
不過導電度並沒有我們預期的要好，仍需要添加XC-72碳材或導電高分子PEDOT的修飾彌補這個缺陷，期待有更好非使用碳的改質方法。

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have high energy conversion efficiency, low operating temperature, easy fuel-feeding and it is environmentally friendly. Platinum-based catalyst has been commonly used in DMFCs, but it suffered from high cost. Thus, development of effective catalyst support which argues the catalyst activity and reduces amounts of Pt loading becomes the primary goal.
According to previous literature, traditional supports which composed of carbon material, such as XC-72, were oxidized easily to CO2 in positive potential and limited catalysts life time. In view of this, a recent research trend is to substituted carbon by ceramic materials which possess several advantages on electrochemical, thermal stability and corrosion-resistance. We examined perovskite structure, LaTiO2N(LTON), as the support. Earlier study shows the band gap of LTON is about 2.1 eV, lower than 3.2eV of TiO2 which usually applies in fuel cell catalyst support and promises better electron conductivity. In addition, utilization of lanthanum element is synthesized in LTON to make perovskite structure. The kind of binary metal ceramics has particular properties so we expect to know whether LTON applies in fuel cell catalyst support
In our experiment, we have discovered Ce doped LTON can reduce Pt particle size. HR-TEM shows that the size of Pt NPs prepared with the composition of Ce0.1La0.9TiO2N(Ce0.1-LTON) exhibited smaller particles
(3.7 nm) than other molar ratio of Ce, and exhibited more efficient methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) because production of Ce-O-Pt bond affects nucleation in reducing metal step. However, platinum NPs in MOR suffers from CO poisoning. To solve the problem, we have introduced PtRu alloy NPs to support on Cex-LTON and discovered changing composition of Ce0.5-LTON exhibited more efficient MOR with higher mass current (184A/g per Pt).
HR-TEM also shows that the size of PtRu NPs was smaller particles(3.4nm) than other ratio of Ce. In the situation, it is complicated to get explanation when Ru is mixed in the system due to considering production of Ru-Ce complex in reduction environment. We just guess optimization of two competitive factor which are production of Ce-O-Pt and Ce-Ru complex is at the ratio amount.
The electron conductivity issue is not entirely resolved from the lower band gap, and other carbon materials such as XC-72 and electron conductive polymer PEDOT are still required to amend the conductivity deficiency. Better improvement are being explored to amend this situation.

摘要    I
Abstract    III
誌謝辭    V
目錄    VI
圖目錄    XI
表目錄    XV
第一章、緒論    1
1-1 前言    1
1-2 燃料電池基本簡介    1
1-3 燃料電池種類    3
1-4 直接甲醇燃料電池    5
1-4-1 基本原理    5
1-4-2 當前遭遇問題    7
1-5 燃料電池組件說明    8
1-6 研究動機與目的    10
第二章、文獻回顧    12
2-1 直接甲醇燃料電池介紹    12
2-1-1 陽極機制    12
2-1-2 陰極機制    14
2-2 觸媒金屬介紹    17
2-2-1 陽極觸媒金屬    17
2-2-2 陰極觸媒金屬    22
2-3 觸媒載體介紹    26
2-3-1 碳材載體    28
2-3-2 非碳陶瓷材料    31
2-3-3 鈣鈦礦結構材料    35
2-4 載體改質於燃料電池性質介紹    40
2-4-1 元素的摻雜    40
2-4-2 導電高分子    42
第三章、實驗方法    44
3-1 觸媒合成    44
3-1-1 載體製備    44
3-1-2 承載奈米金屬    46
3-1-3 PEDOT修飾載體    47
3-2 材料特性鑑定    48
3-2-1 X-ray粉末繞射(XRD)    48
3-2-2 高解析穿透式電子顯微鏡(HR-TEM)    49
3-2-3 場發射掃描電子顯微鏡(FE-SEM)    50
3-2-4 X-ray光電子能譜儀(XPS)    50
3-2-5 元素分析儀(EA)    51
3-2-6 紫外-可見光分光光譜儀(UV-vis)    51
3-3 觸媒電性測試    52
3-3-1 觸媒漿料配製與電極製備    52
3-3-2 氫的吸脫附(H-stripping)    52
3-3-3 甲醇氧化活性測試(Methanol Oxidation Reaction, MOR)    53
3-4 實驗藥品    53
3-5 實驗儀器    55
第四章、結果與討論    57
4-1 LaTiO2N(LTON)載體鑑定    57
4-1-1 載體結構鑑定    57
4-1-2 氮化程度鑑定    58
4-1-3 能隙鑑定(UV-vis)    59
4-1-4 表面型態    60
4-2 Ce摻雜LTON系列載體性質分析    61
4-2-1 載體結構鑑定    61
4-2-2 載體氮化程度分析    63
4-2-3 載體粒徑分析    63
4-2-4 觸媒結構、粒徑鑑定(Pt承載)    64
4-2-5 觸媒電子組態分析    70
4-2-6 觸媒之甲醇氧化電催化活性    72
4-3 PtRu承載Cex-LTON之活性探討    76
4-3-1 觸媒結構鑑定    76
4-3-2 觸媒粒徑鑑定    78
4-3-3 觸媒之甲醇氧化電催化活性    80
4-4 導電高分子修飾載體    84
4-4-1 觸媒結構鑑定    84
4-4-2 觸媒粒徑鑑定    85
4-4-3 觸媒之甲醇氧化電催化活性    86
第五章、結論與未來展望    90
參考文獻    93

                                

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