員工的職涯發展常受其個人特質、和主管的交換關係、職涯動機等因素所影響，本研究探討領導與部屬交換關係和自我效能對於員工的職涯動機、管理抱負、接受工作挑戰的意願之影響。研究結果證實領導與部屬交換關係與自我效能對員工的職涯動機呈現正向相關，而員工的職涯動機強度也與其管理抱負及接受工作挑戰的意願呈現顯著的正向關係。本研究針對此研究結果提出管理意涵的討論與未來研究的建議。

This study explores the relationships among leader-member exchange, employees’ self-efficacy, career motivation, managerial aspiration, and their willingness to take on challenging work. It is found that both leader-member exchange and self-efficacy are positively related to employee’s career motivation. Career motivation is also positively related to employees’ managerial aspiration and the willingness to take on challenging work. Based on the findings, managerial implications and suggestions for future research are thus discussed.

一、英文部分
Bandura, A. & Barab, P.G. (1973). Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1-9.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1988). Organizational applications of social cognitive theory. Australian Journal of Management, 13, 137-164.
Bandura, A. (1992). Exercise of personal agency through the self-efficacy mechanism. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought Control of Action, 3-38. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in Changing Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1997b). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A., & Wood, R.E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814.
Bartol, K.M. (1978). The sex structuring of organizations. Academy of Management Review, 3, 805-815.
Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem Sex-Role Inventory. New York: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Berlew, D.E., & Hall, D.T. (1966). The socialization of managers: Effects of expectations on performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11, 207-223.
Betz, N.E., & Fitzgerald, L.F. (1987). The Career Psychology of Women. New York: Wiley.
Betz, N.E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 279-289.
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
Bliege, B.R., & Smith, E.A. (2005). Signaling theory, strategic interaction, and symbolic capital. Current Anthropology, 46, 221-238.
Brett, J.M., Stroh, L. K., & Reilly, A.H. (1992). Job transfer. In C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 323-362. New York: John Wiley.
Byrne, D. (1971). The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
Campbell, J.P., & Pritchard, R.D. (1976). Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, 63-130.
Cox, T.H., & Harquail, C.V. (1991). Career paths and career success in the early career stages of male and female MBAs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39, 54-75.
Crawford, M., & Marecek, J. (1989). Psychology reconstructs the female. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 147-165.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role-making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46-78.
Davidson, M., & Cooper, C. (1983). Stress and the Woman Manager. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
Davies J, & Easterby-Smith, M. (1984). Learning and developing from managerial work experiences. Journal of Management Studies, 21, 169-183.
De Pater, I.E., Van Vianen, A.E.M., Fischer, A.H., Van Ginkel, W.P. (2009). Challenging experiences: Gender differences in task choice. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24, 4-28.
Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R.C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 618-634.
Douglas, C.A. (1997). Formal Mentoring Programs in Organizations. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
Dreher. G.F., & Ash, R.A. (1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 539-546.
Ference, T.P., Stoner, J., & Warren, E. (1977). Managing the career plateau. Academy of Management Review, 2, 602-612.
Gattiker, U.E., & Larwood, L. (1988). Predictors for managers’ career mobility, success, and satisfaction. Human Relations, 41, 569-591.
Gattiker, U.E., & Larwood, L. (1989). Career success, mobility and extrinsic satisfaction of managers. The Social Science Journal, 26, 75-92.
Gattiker, U.E., & Larwood, L. (1990). Predictors for career achievement in the corporate hierarchy. Human Relations, 43, 703-726.
Gerstner, C.R., & Day, D.V. (1997). Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 827-844.
Gibson, D.E., & Cordova, D.I. (1999). Women and men’s role models: The importance of exemplars. In A. J. Murrell, F. J. Crosby, & R. J. Ely (Eds.), Mentoring Dilemmas: Developmental Relationships within Multicultural Organizations, 121-142. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (1992). Organizational change and the corporate career: The restructuring of managers’ job aspirations. Human Relations, 45, 363-385.
Graen, G., & Cashman, J.F. (1975). A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A developmental approach. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership Frontiers, 143-165. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Graen, G.B. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1201-1245. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Graen, G.B., & Scandura, T.A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In Cummings, L.L & Staw, B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 175-208. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Graen, G.B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1991). The transformation of professionals into self-managing and partially self-designing contributors: Toward a theory of leadership-making. Journal of Management Systems, 3, 25-39.
Graen, G.B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of LMX Theory of Leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 210-247.
Graen, G.B., Novak, M., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982b). The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109-131.
Greenhaus, J.H. (1971). An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1, 209-216.
Greenhaus, J.H. (1973). A factorial investigation of career salience. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 8, 51-58.
Greenhaus, J.H. (1987). Career Management. New York: Dryden Press.
Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W.M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64-86.
Gutek, B.A. (1988). Sex segregation and women at work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 37, 10-27.
Hackett, G. (1995). Self-efficacy in career choice and development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in Changing Societies, 232-258. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harlan, A., & Weiss, C.L. (1982). Sex differences in factors affecting managerial career advancement. In P.A. Wallace (Eds.), Women in the Workplace, 59-100. Boston: Auburn.
Holland, J.L. (1985). Making Vocational Choices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Howard, A., & Bray, D. W. (1988). Managerial lives in transition. New York: Guiford Press.
Humphrey, R.H. (1985). How work roles influence perception: Structural-cognitive processes and organizational behavior. American Sociological Review, 50, 242-252.
Jaskolka, G., Beyer, J.M., & Trice, H.M. (1985). Measuring and predicting managerial success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26, 189-205.
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Katzell, R.A., & Thompson, D.E. (1990). Work motivation: Theory and practice. American Psychologist, 45, 144-153.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1995). Demographic similarity to the work group. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 67-83.
Konrad, A.M., & Pfeffer, J. (1991). Understanding the hiring of women and minorities in educational institutions. Sociology of Education, 64, 141-157.
Kram, K.E. (1983). Phases of the mentor relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 608-625.
Kram, K.E. (1985). Mentoring at Work. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Latham, G.P., & Lee, T.W. (1985). Goal setting. In E.A. Locke (Ed.), Generalizing from Laboratory to Field Settings: Research Findings from Industrial-organizational Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. Lexington, MA: Heath Lexington.
Leibowitz, Z., & Schlossberg, N. (1981). Training managers for their role in a career development system. Training and Development Journal, 35(7), 72-79.
Lemkau, J.P. (1979). Personality and background characteristics of women in male dominated occupations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4, 221-240.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
Lewis, J.D., & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as social reality. Social Forces, 63, 967-985.
Liden, R.C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465.
Liden, R.C., Sparrowe, R.T., & Wayne, S.J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In G.R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 47-119. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science.
Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662-674.
Locke, E.A., & Bryan, J.F. (1966). Cognitive aspects of psychomotor performance: The effects of performance goals on level of performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 417-420.
Locke, E.A., & Bryan, J.F. (1968a). Goal-setting as a determinant of the effect of knowledge of score on performance. American Journal of Psychology, 81, 398-407.
Locke, E.A., Mento, A.J., & Katcher, B.L. (1978). The interaction of ability and motivation in performance: An exploration of the meaning of moderators. Personnel Psychology, 31, 269-280.
London, M. (1983). Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, 8, 620-630.
London, M. (1985). Employee guided management: Steps for involving employees in decisions and actions. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 6, 3-8.
London, M. (2002). Organizational assistance in career development. In Feldman DC (Ed.), Work careers: A developmental Perspective, 323-345. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
London, M., & Bray, D.W. (1984). Measuring and developing young managers’ career motivation. Journal of Management and Development, 3, 3-25.
London, M., & Greller, M. (1991). Demographic trends and vocational behavior: A twenty year retrospective and agenda for the 1990s. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 125-164.
London, M., & Mone, E.M. (1987). Career Management and Survival in the Workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
London, M., Stumpf, S.A. (1983). Effects of candidate characteristics on management promotion decisions: An experimental study. Personnel Psychology, 36, 241-259.
Lord, R., De Vader, C., & Alliger, G. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relationship between traits and leadership perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402-410.
Lyness, K.S., & Thompson, D.E. (2000). Climbing the corporate ladder: Do female and male managers follow the same route? Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 86-101.
Marini, M.M. (1989). Sex differences in earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 343-380.
Markham, W.T. (1987). Sex, relocation and occupational advancement. In H.H. Stromberg, L. Larwood, & B.A. Gutek (Eds.), Women and Work, 2, 207-232. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Markham, W.T., Harlan, S.L., & Hackett, E.J. (1987). Promotion opportunity in organizations. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 5, 223-287.
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709-734.
McCall, M.W., Lombardo, M.M., & Morrison, A.M. (1988). The Lessons of Experience: How Successful Executives Develop on the Job. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
McCauley, C.D., Ruderman, M.N., Ohlott, P.J., & Morrow, J.E. (1994).Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 544-560.
Miller, J., & Garrison, H.H. (1982). Sex roles: The division of labor at home and in the workplace. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 237-262.
Miner, J.B. (1977). Motivation to Manage: A Ten-year Update on the "Studies in Management Education" Research. Atlanta, GA: Organizational Measurement Systems Press.
Morrow, P., & McElroy, J. (1987). Assessing measures of work commitment. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 7, 139-145.
Murray, M. (1991). Beyond the Myths and Magic of Mentoring. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Noe, R.A. (1986). Trainee’s attributes and attitudes: Neglected influences on training effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 11, 736-749.
Noe, R.A., & Steffy, B.D. (1987). The influence of individual characteristics and assessment center evaluation on career exploration behavior and job involvement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30, 187-202.
Noe, R.A., Noe, A.W., & Bachhuber, J.A. (1990). Correlates of career motivation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 340-356.
Noe, R.A., Steffy, B.D., & Barber, A.E. (1988). An investigation of the factors influencing employee’s willingness to accept mobility opportunities. Personnel Psychology, 41, 559-580.
O'Reilly, C., & Caldwell, D. (1981). The commitment and job tenure of new employees: Some evidence of post decisional justification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 597-616.
Pfeffer, J., Davis-Blake, A., & Julius, D.J. (1995). The effect of affirmative action officer salary changes on managerial diversity. Industrial Relations, 34, 73-94.
Pleck, J.H. (1977). The work-family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417-427.
Powell, G.N., & Butterfield, D.A. (1981). A note on sex-role identity effects on managerial aspirations. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 54, 299-301.
Ragins, B.R. (1989). Barriers to mentoring. Human Relations, 42, 1-22.
Ragins, B.R. (1997). Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations: A power perspective. Academy of Management Review, 22, 482-521.
Ragins, B.R., & Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 51-58.
Rosenbaum, J.E. (1984). Career Mobility in a Corporate Hierarchy. New York: Academic Press.
Rynes, S.L., Tolbert, P.S., & Strausser, P.G. (1988). Aspirations to manage: A comparison of engineering students and working engineers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 239-253.
Salancik, G.R., & Pfeffer, J.A. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224-253.
Schein, E.H. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schneer, J.A., & Reitman, F. (1995). The impact of gender as managerial careers unfold. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 290-315.
Schriesheim, C.A., Scandura, T.A., & Neider, L.L. (1991). Leader-member exchange as a predictor and moderator of delegation. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Academy of Management Meeting, Miami Beach.
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.). (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought Control of Action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Slocum, J.W., & Cron, W.L. (1985). Job attitudes and performance during three career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26, 126-145.
Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 355-374.
Staw, B.M. (1981). The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, 6, 577-587.
Stewart, L.P., & Gudykunst, W.B. (1982). Differential factors influencing the hierarchical level and number of promotions of males and females within an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 586-597.
Stout, S., Slocum, J., & Cron, W. (1988). Dynamics of the career plateauing process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 74-91.
Super, D.E. (1957). The Psychology of Careers. New York: Harper & Row.
Thacker, R.A., & Wayne, S.J. (1995). An examination of the relationship between upward influence tactics and assessments of promotability. Journal of Management, 21, 739-757.
Tharenou, P. (1999). Gender differences in advancement to the top. International Journal of Management Reviews, 1, 111-132.
Tharenou, P., & Conroy, D.K. (1988). Opportunities for and barriers to managerial role attainment: A comparison of male and female managers. In G. Palmer (Ed.), Readings in Australian Personnel Management, 179-221. Sydney: MacMillan Company of Australia.
Tharenou, P., & Conroy, D.K. (1994). Men and women managers’ advancement: Personal or situational determinants? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 43, 5-31.
Tharenou, P., & Terry, D.J. (1998). Reliability and validity of scores on scales to measure managerial aspirations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 475-493.
Tremblay, M., & Roger, A. (1993). Individual, family, and organizational determinants of career plateau. Group and Organization Management, 18, 411-435.
Tsui, A.S., & O'Reilly, C.A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423.
Turban, D.B., & Dougherty, T.W. (1994). Role of protégé personality in receipt of mentoring and career success. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 688-702.
Turban, D.B., & Jones, A.P. (1988). Supervisor-subordinate similarity: Types, effects, and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 228-234.
Terborg, J.R., & Zalesny, M.D. (1980). Women as managers. In Rowland, K.M., London, M., Ferris, G.R., & Sherman, L.L. (EDs), Current issues in personnel management, 357-366. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Inc.
U.S. Department of Labor. (1991). A Report on the Glass Ceiling Initiative. Washington, DC: Office of Information and Public Affairs.
Van Scotter, J.R., Motowidlo, S.J., & Cross, T.C. (2000). Effects of task performance and contextual performance on systemic rewards. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 526-535.
Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C., Graf, I.K., & Ferris, G.R. (1997). The role of upward influence tactics in human resource decisions. Personnel Psychology, 50, 979-1006.
Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C., Kraimer, M.L., & Graf, I.K. (1999). The role of human capital, motivation and supervisor sponsorship in predicting career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 577-595.
Wood, R.E., & Bandura, A. (1989b). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14, 361-384.
Yukl, G.P. (1994). Leadership in Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zalesny, M.D., & Graen, G.B. (1987). Exchange theory in leadership research. In Kieser, A., Reder, G., & Wunderer, R. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Leadership, 714-727. Stuttgart, Germany: Paeschel, C.E., Verlag.

二、網路部分
經理人月刊(2006年12月)。員工薪水愈高，工作動機愈強？取自http://www.managertoday.com.tw/articles/view/220