台灣中部埔里盆地的構造活動: 衛星遙測和野外觀測

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研究生：	許庭瑄 Ting-Hsuan Hsu
論文名稱：	台灣中部埔里盆地的構造活動: 衛星遙測和野外觀測 Tectonic activity in the Puli Basin of Central Taiwan: Observation from space and field
指導教授：	張中白 Chung-Pai Chang 張午龍 Wu-Lung Chang
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	地球科學學院 - 地球科學學系 Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	埔里盆地、永久散射體差分干涉法、構造活動、野外調查、錯位模型
外文關鍵詞：	Puli basin, PSI, structural activity, Dislocation model, field observation
相關次數：	點閱：20 下載：0
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埔里盆地位於西部麓山帶和雪山山脈之間，是台灣活躍造山帶中面積最大的山間盆地。埔里盆地，與其南邊一系列沿北北東走向分佈的小盆地的發育和地下構造應有密切相關，推測此處為構造運動的轉變帶。本研究以衛星雷達量測地表變形，配合野外調察以瞭解及分析埔里盆地及周圍地區的構造及其活動特性。由於埔里盆地為群山環繞，陡峭的地形以及茂密的植被造成一般的衛星測量技術難以進行，本研究使用的永久散射體差分干涉技術克服以上障礙以監測長期地殼變形。我們使用歐洲太空總署的ERS-1和ERS-2衛星於1993-2002年間拍攝的影像，以及Envisat衛星於2004-2008年間拍攝台灣中部一系列的影像，進行分析與討論。結果顯示埔里盆地的衛星視角速度相對其他地區較低，表示埔里盆地的運動方向正遠離衛星，這可能代表盆地西側的滑脫面上有一斷坡構造，滑脫面在盆地下方有向下變深的現象，使得地表的運動方向有所改變。為了解釋台灣中部地表變形的機制，我們以前人研究的構造模型為依據，利用模型正演來檢驗地下構造和地表變形的關係，並逐一討論之。本研究亦將衛星觀測結果與全球衛星定位系統和精密水準測量資料結合，並配合野外調查了解構造實際出露位置及其活動特性，初步結果推測埔里盆地是由於滑脫帶上的斷坡構造活動時造成盆地相對陷落。此外今年三月二十七日及六月二日的南投地震及其餘震分布可以發現盆地下部除的滑脫構造面外還存在和另一共軛的斷層系統，初步推測此共軛斷層系統和埔里盆地群的形成有一定的關連，為未來值得深入研究的主題。

The Puli Basin, located between the Western Foothills and the Hsüehshan Range is the largest basin in the active orogeny in central Taiwan. South to the Puli Basin, a series of small basins spread along the SSW direction. These basins, along with the Puli Basin itself, may be formed at a kinematic transition zone, which makes the tectonic of Puli Basin complicated. Various tectonic models have been proposed in previous studies to interpret the formation of the Puli Basin. In this study, we aim to measure the deformation and to understand the tectonics of Puli Basin by the method of satellite remote sensing and field observation. Since the Puli Basin is bordered by the mountains with steep topography and dense vegetation, we applied the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR technique to monitor the surface deformation. We chose the ERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR images acquired in 1993-2002 and Envisat images acquired in 2004-2008 covering the central Taiwan area to carry out a series of analysis. Our result shows a relative lower LOS velocity in Puli Basin, which implies the change of depth of the subsurface basal detachment. A steep ramp along the detachment is proposed for the grown structure underneath the Puli Basin in this study. In order to interpret the mechanism of surface deformation in central Taiwan, we implement several forward models based on previous researches and our interferometric results and then compare our observations with accurate GPS and precise leveling data. These results can be compared with our field observations and with the recent seismicity data (327 and 602 aftershocks of this year) to examine the activity and geometry of faults of this area, where a conjugate fault system below the basins was suggested. Due to the lack of evidence, however it is hard to determine the relationship between the conjugate system and the basin subsidence mechanism. It is an interesting and worthwhile work for the further research to understand the tectonic activity in central Taiwan.

Contents
摘要    i
Abstract    ii
Acknowledgements     iii
Contents    iv
List of Figures    vi
List of Tables     viii
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
Chapter 2 Geological Background    8
2.1 Topography    8
2.2 Stratigraphy    9
2.3 Structure    12
2.4    Literature Review    17
2.4.1 Bedrock down warping    17
2.4.2 Pull-apart basin    18
2.4.3 Movement of basal detachment    18
2.4.4 Piggyback basin    18
2.4.5 Graben resulted from transpression and transtension    19
Chapter 3 Research results    28
3.1 Interferometric results    28
3.1.1 Data acquisition    28
3.1.2 Processing results    29
3.1.3 1993-1999 results (before Chi-Chi earthquake)     29
3.1.4 2004-2008 results (after Chi-Chi earthquake)    30
3.1.5 Profile analysis    30
3.2 Field observation     31
3.2.1 Shuangtung fault     31
3.2.2 Shuilikeng fault     31
3.2.3 Lishan fault     32
3.3 Dislocation model     32
3.3.1 According to the surface deformation    32
3.3.2 Comparison with the previous researches    33
Chapter 4 Discussion    66
4.1 Overview of our approach    66
4.2 Comparison with previous geodetic surveys    66
4.2.1 GPS measurement.    66
4.2.2 Leveling data.    67
4.3 Underground structure    68
Chapter 5 Conclusion    81
Reference    83
Appendix: Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar    95
A.1 Overview    95
A.2 Radio detection and ranging (RADAR)    96
A.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)    96
A.4 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)    96
A.5 Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR)    98
A.6 Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI)    100












List of Figures
Figure 1.1：Topography and the tectonic setting of Taiwan    4
Figure 1.2：The inter-mountainous basins    5
Figure 1.3：The Bouguer Anomaly map    6
Figure 1.4：Aerial photograph of Puli basin    7
Figure 2.1：The topography and the structures in our study area    20
Figure 2.2：The Quaternary geomorphic surfaces of Puli basin    21
Figure 2.3：The stratigraphic distribution map    22
Figure 2.4：Seismic profile    23
Figure 2.5：Schematic diagram of bedrock down warping    24
Figure 2.6：Schematic diagram of pull-apart basin    25
Figure 2.7：Schematic diagram of movement of basal detachment    26
Figure 2.8：Schematic diagram of transtension and transpression    27
Figure 3.1：Ascending and descending orbital paths     37
Figure 3.2：Time series of 1993-1999    38
Figure 3.3：Time series of 2004-2008    39
Figure 3.4：Mean LOS velocity in 1993-1999    40
Figure 3.5：Mean LOS velocity in 2004-2008    41
Figure 3.6：N-S profile of LOS velocity and the topography     42
Figure 3.7：E-W profile of LOS velocity and the topography     43
Figure 3.8：The position of the outcrops    44
Figure 3.9： Outcrop of Shuangtung fault     45
Figure 3.10：Outcrop of Shuilikeng fault 1    46
Figure 3.11：Outcrop of Shuilikeng fault 2.    47
Figure 3.12：Outcrop of Shuilikeng fault 3    48
Figure 3.13：Outcrop of Shuilikeng fault 4    49
Figure 3.14：A possibly gully forming shear zone     50
Figure 3.15：Outcrop of Lishan fault 1    51
Figure 3.16：Outcrop of Lishan fault 2     52
Figure 3.17：Schematic diagram of assumption model     53
Figure 3.18：Perspective view and side-look of the assumption model     55
Figure 3.19：Compare the modeling result with our PSI result (2004-2008)     56
Figure 3.20：Underground structure model proposed from Yue et al., 2005    57
Figure 3.21：Perspective view of model 1    57
Figure 3.22：Compare with the model 1 and the PSI result.    58
Figure 3.23：Underground structure model proposed from Yanites et al., 2010.    60
Figure 3.24：Perspective view of model 2    60
Figure 3.25：Compare with model 2 and PSI results     61
Figure 3.26：Underground structure proposed from Brown et al., 2012    63
Figure 3.27：Perspective view of model 3    63
Figure 3.28：Compare with model 3 and PSI results.    64
Figure 4.1：The distribution the GPS stations    70
Figure 4.2：Compare between the GPS and PSI results (2004-2008).    71
Figure 4.3：Location of the leveling lines     72
Figure 4.4：Compare between leveling and PSI results    73-76
Figure 4.5：Illustration of the inconsistent along Peidou-Shuili leveling line    77
Figure 4.6：Geological map in Yanites et al. (2010).    77
Figure 4.7：GPS velocity field in 1993-2008    78
Figure 4.8：Gravity survey in Ke (2009)    78
Figure 4.9：Seismic energy release sections in Brown et al. (2012)    79
Figure 4.10：The distribution of the seismicity on 0327 and 0602    80
Figure A. 1：Side Looking Airborne Radar     107
Figure A. 2：Schematic diagram of range resolution     108
Figure A. 3：Schematic diagram of azimuth resolution    109
Figure A. 4：Synthetic Aperture Radars     110
Figure A. 5：Imaging geometry of side-looking radar for InSAR applications     111
Figure A. 6：Surface displacement measurement from the satellite     112
Figure A. 7：Distributed scatterer pixel and persistent scatterer pixel.    113




List of Tables
Table 3.1：Interferometric data used during 1993-1999    35
Table 3.2：Interferometric data used during 2004-2008    36
Table 3.3：Parameters of our assumption model     54
Table 3.4：Parameters of model 1    59
Table 3.5：Parameters of model 2    62
Table 3.6：Parameters of model 3    65
Table 4.1：Seismic data on 27 March and 2 June in 2013    80

                                

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