線掃瞄式照相機應用於鋪面破壞影像調查之研究

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研究生：	李長青 Chang-ching Lee
論文名稱：	線掃瞄式照相機應用於鋪面破壞影像調查之研究 A study of Applying Line scan CCD Camera on Pavement Distress Image Survey
指導教授：	林志棟 Jyh-Dong Lin
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	131
中文關鍵詞：	線掃瞄式照相機、鋪面破壞影像調查、擷取、影像處理
外文關鍵詞：	Line scan CCD camera, Pavement Distress Image Su
相關次數：	點閱：10 下載：0
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查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

台灣社會發展迅速，道路亦隨之蓬勃發展，在台灣各級道路發展健全的情形下，公路工程由新建工程轉往以維護管理為主的層面，而養護單位亦由新工驗收變成道路的狀況調查，以利即時控管道路的各類破壞及狀況，提供高品質的服務水準來服務大眾，並依據ASTM D 6433-99鋪面狀況指標來做道路的狀況調查；鋪面狀況指標檢測為道路的狀況調查中重要的一項，主要調查路段的鋪面結構完整性及面層服務能力之狀況，提供客觀及合理的基礎，用以作為鋪面養護需求及優先順序之決策依據。
鋪面狀況指標的檢測方式以人工表單紀錄以及人工目視評級路面狀況為最傳統的方式，此方式需要大量的人力及時間，且人員在於實際路段量測之安全性問題亦未受到考量；因此本研究應用線掃瞄式照相機進行鋪面破壞影像調查，針對裂縫、修補、坑洞以及人手孔進行調查，結合距離量測系統作為擷取時機的觸發，將擷取之影像儲存於電腦系統中；並利用影像處理技術先對鋪面影像快速地進行有無破壞之分類，再針對個別影像進行光源校正、二值化結果以及雜訊去除，使取得一個清晰的二值化影像將鋪面裂化情況顯現出來，並進而判斷其破壞類型、程度以及範圍，取代過去人工實地勘查和量測，將所有破壞進行統計和紀錄，最後將破壞資料輸入於PCI自動計算程式中，即可快速得到鋪面狀況。
本研究利用線掃瞄式照相機架設於檢測車後方垂直拍攝，將拍攝之影像進行結果分析，針對各種影響因子討論解決方案，作為決定最佳拍攝狀態之考量，最後建議將線掃瞄式照相機之光圈開至F2.8，調整焦距於1m，架設於高度兩公尺，拍攝鋪面寬度3.5公尺，並驗證本擷取系統之擷取之完整性和影像清晰度；進行實際案例量測，且將鋪面破壞資料輸入於PCI計算軟體，進行PCI計算以及鋪面狀況等級說明，比對人工調查和本研究系統調查之結果，驗證本系統之正確率；在此可以瞭解本研究已成功將線掃瞄式照相機應用於鋪面破壞影像調查。

With the society of Taiwan develops rapidly, the roads develop rapidly, too. In the condition that all kinds of roads in Taiwan developed well, the road projects changed from the roads are going up to the roads are maintained and managed. The maintaining and managing department’s business changes form checked before acceptance to surveyed the pavement condition. It’s helpful to maintain and manage all kinds of cracks and conditions about the pavement and provide high service quality to service the public. Surveying Pavement Condition Index is the most important thing in the pavement condition surveys by the standard of ASTM D 6433-99. It’s main surveying completeness of the pavement structure and the condition of the surface service quality to provide objective and reasonable foundation for the policies of maintaining and managing the pavement.
The most traditional way of the PCI surveys is that PCI is recorded by writing and determination the condition through visual surveys.It needs quantities of manpower and time to survey,and men measuring at a section of a highway was not took safe problem into account. Therefore,I apply Line scan CCD camera to proceed pavement distress image survey aiming at racking , patching,potholes and the opening in this study.The triggering time of capturing is integrated with the distance measurement instrument(DMI),and the capturing images are stored in the computer. The images are processing rapidly employing the technique of image processing,and make the distress which is conspicuous Then,grading the distress is in place of Surveying and measuring on the spot.All distress data is compiled statistics and recorded.Finally,the data is keyed into a program and determine automatically.We can be aware of pavement condition.
In this study,I apply line scan CCD camera mounted at the back of the car and take a picture perpendicularly.I analyze the image.I discuss about solution for various factors and settle on the best condition of picturing.Finally,I propose that the diaphragm is F2.8 and the focal length is one meter.The camera is mounted at the height of two meters and picture the pavement in the width of 3.5 meters.The collecting image tested and verified whether the image is completeness or not and whether the image is clear or not. In addition,I measure on the spot and the data is keyed into a program. We can be aware of pavement condition. Compare the survey of manpower with this system in the study and verify the accuracy of the system.Therefore,I apply line scan CCD camera in the pavement distress image survey successfully.

目錄
目錄............................................................................................................. I
圖目錄......................................................................................................III
表目錄...................................................................................................... VI
第一章緒論............................................................................................1
1 研究背景與動機.........................................................................1
2 研究目的與範圍.........................................................................2
3 研究內容與方法.........................................................................3
4 研究流程.....................................................................................4
第二章文獻回顧....................................................................................5
1 國內外之鋪面狀況調查相關研究............................................5
1.1 半自動方法（Semi-Automated Methods）發展沿革......7
1.2 國外之鋪面狀況調查.......................................................10
1.3 國內之鋪面狀況調查.......................................................20
1.4 辨識準則依據...................................................................20
2 國外柔性路面狀況指標..........................................................22
2.1 鋪面狀況指標(Pavement Condition Index, PCI).............22
2.2 鋪面狀況評級(Pavement Condition Rating, PCR)..........27
2.3 其他相關鋪面狀況指標...................................................28
3 國內柔性路面狀況指標..........................................................30
4 路面狀況指標軟體─MicroPAVER..........................................34
第三章鋪面破壞影像調查系統..........................................................37
1 鋪面破壞影像調查之擷取系統介紹......................................37
1.1 影像擷取系統之構件.......................................................38
1.2 影像擷取系統...................................................................42
2 鋪面破壞破壞影像調查之處理系統介紹..............................48
2.1 數位影像簡介...................................................................49
2.2 影像處理系統之功能.......................................................51
2.2.1 判斷有無破壞.........................................................51
2.2.2 光源校正.................................................................52
2.2.3 影像二值化.............................................................54
2.2.4 雜訊去除.................................................................58
2.3 影像處理系統...................................................................62
第四章鋪面破壞影像調查系統之結果分析和驗證...................................65
1 拍攝結果分析...........................................................................65
1.1 影響因子之探討...............................................................65
1.1.1 廣角鏡頭.................................................................65
1.1.2 光圈、曝光時間和拍攝時程.................................71
1.1.3 陰影.........................................................................78
1.1.4 標線.........................................................................80
1.2 最佳拍攝狀態...................................................................83
2 實際路段調查之驗證和效益..................................................85
2.1 驗證方法說明...................................................................85
2.2 驗證結果...........................................................................86
2.3 Line Scan Camera 輔助調查之效益..............................88
第五章結論與建議..................................................................................89
1 結論.............................................................................................89
2 建議.............................................................................................90
參考文獻....................................................................................................93
附錄一鋪面破壞影像調查之標準作業程序書………………… 附-1
附錄二鋪面破壞影像調查之影像………………………………附-27

                                

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