中文摘要
地震災害防治是急迫在眉睫的全球性議題，然而，有效的地震災害評估卻是
地震災害防治最重要的一環。本論文由五個單元組成：第一章概括介紹臺灣地體
構造、活斷層、地質分區、地震週期和地震週期模型。第二章則描繪如何利用現
代地震儀記錄的地震資料來制訂一個本地規模(Local magnitude)與震央震度
(Epicentral intensity)的經驗公程式：ML = 0.08I0
2
– 0.04I0 + 3.41，ML 係本地規模，
而I0 則是震央震度。通過此關係式，我們可以系統地依相同標準規納比較臺灣從
17 到20 世紀發生的歷史地震。歷史地震研究對於地震災害評估是很重要的，這
是因為現代地震儀所記錄的地震資料時間跨距很短，地震紀錄十分有限；藉由研
究歷史地震資料我們可較有效地評估大地震的發生週期。第三章廷續第二章歷史
地震的初步研究結果，比對區域的現今地表變形與地震分佈的關係。我們利用永
久散射體差分干涉法（Persistent Scatterers InSAR method）研究桃園-新竹-苗栗
地區近期構造活動，且從歷史地震事件的角度探討地殼變形與區域構造。第四章
分析台灣地震震度規模的問題，因為規模與震度估算的方法差異常導致不正確的
地震災害評估。最後，第五章以誤差百分比來驗証第二章所制訂的經驗公程，此
外平均和累加的PGA 和PGV 災害圖也在這章中呈現與討論。

Abstract
Earthquake hazard mitigation is a world-wide matter of great urgency and an
effective seismic hazard assessment is vital to it. In this dissertation, five chapters are
organized: Chapter I provides background information about tectonic setting of
Taiwan, active faults, geologic domains, earthquake cycle and recurrence models.
Chapter II describes how the instrumental seismic data can be utilized to formulate an
average empirical relationship between ML, the local magnitude, and I0, the epicentral
intensity: ML = 0.08I0
2
– 0.04I0 + 3.41, which, in turn, summarizes historical data for
three hundred years in a homogeneous way in Taiwan. The study of historical
seismicity is imperative in seismic hazard assessment since the instrumental seismic
recorded history is too short to record a sufficient amount of large earthquakes for
study. Historical data provide a window for us to qualitatively analyze large
earthquakes in the first approximation. Following the first approximation in Chapter II,
the seismogenic zone of Taoyuan-Hsinchu area (zone II) becomes the test region for
investigating recent tectonic activity using Persistent Scatterers InSAR (PSI) method.
We shift our angle of view in assessing seismic hazard from historical seismic events
to crustal deformation from the space in Chapter III. In Chapter IV, this PhD
dissertation addresses the inaccurate seismic hazard assessment arisen from
earthquake intensity scale problem in Taiwan. Characteristics of damaging seismic
events in Taiwan are also depicted. At last, in Chapter V, percentage error is especially
performed to test the validation and reliability of the empirical relationship done in
Chapter I: ML = 0.08I0
2
– 0.04I0 + 3.41. Average and cumulative PGA- and
PGV-depicted seismic maps are compared to our results in historical seismicity study
in Chapter II and radar interferometry analysis in Chapter III.

References (I)
Biq, C. C., The tectonic framework and oil possibilities of Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan Univ.
Mem., 10th Anniversary Commem., 1, 95-105, 1956.
Biq, C. C., The structural pattern of Taiwan compared with the eta type of shear form,
Geol. Soc. China Proc., 2, 33-46, 1959.
Biq, C. C., Circumpacific tectonics in Taiwan, Int. Geol. Cong. Rept., 18, 203-214,
1961.
Biq, C. C., Transcurrent buckling, transform faulting and transpression, their
relevance in eastern Taiwan kinematics, Petrol. Geol. Taiwan, 20, 1-39, 1972.
Bufe, C. G., Harsh, P. W. and Burford, R. O., Steady-state seismic slip – a precise
recurrence model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4, 91-94, 1977.
Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA, Active fault map of Taiwan, 2005.
Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA, Active fault map of Taiwan, 2010.
Chai, B. H. T., Structure and tectonic evolution of Taiwan, Am. J. Sci., 272, 389-422,
1972.
Davis, D., Suppe, J., and Dahlen, F. A., Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and
accretionary wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 88, B2, 1153-1172, 1983.
Fedotov, S. A., On regularities in distribution of strong earthquakes of Kamchatka,
Kurile islands and northern Japan, Tr. Inst. Phys. Zemli Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,
36(203), 66-93, 1965.
Hsu, S.-K. and Sibuet, J. C., Is Taiwan the result of arc-continent or arc-arc collision?,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 315-324, 1995.
Lallemand, S. E. and Tsien, H.-H., An introduction to active collision in Taiwan,
Tectonophysics, 274, 1-4, 1997.
Lee, T.-Q., Kissel, C., Barrier, E., Laj, C. and Chi, W.-R., Paleomagnetic evidence for a diachronous clockwise rotation of the Coastal Range, Eastern Taiwan, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 245-257, 1991.
Lin, A. T. S., Watts, A. B. and Hesselbo, S. P., Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence
history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region, Basin Res., 15,
453-478, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00215.x, 2003.
Lin, K.-C., Hu, J.-C., Ching, K.-E., Angelier, J., Rau, R.-J., Yu, S.-B., Tsai, C.-H.,
Shin, T.-C. and Huang, M.-H., GPS crustal deformation, strain rate, and seismic
activity after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
B07404, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006417, 2010.
Mogi, K., Seismicity in western Japan and long-term earthquake forecasting, Maurice
Ewing Series 4, Earthquake Prediction: An International Review, Am. Geophys.
U., 43-51, 1981.
Reid, H. F., The mechanics of the earthquake, The California Earthquake of April 18,
1906, Report of the State Investigation Commission, 2, Carnegie Inst.
Washington, Washington, D. C., 1910.
Reid, H. F., The elastic-rebound theory of earthquakes, Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ.
California Publ., 6, 19, 413-444, 1911.
Seno, T., Stein, S. and Gripp, A. E., A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea
plate consistent with NUVEL-1 and geological data, J. Geophys. Res., 98,
17941-17948, doi: 10.1029/93JB007782, 1993.
Shimazaki, K. and Nakata, Time-predictable recurrence model for large earthquakes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 4, 279-282, 1980.
Shyu, J. B. H., Sieh, K., Chen, Y.-G and Liu, C.-S., Neotectonic architecture of
Taiwan and its implications for future large earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 110,
B08402, doi:10.1029/2004JB003251, 2005.
Sibuet, J. C. and Hsu, S.-K., Geodynamics of the Taiwan arc-arc collision,
Tectonophysics, 274, 221-251, 1997.
Suppe, J., Decollement folding in western Taiwan, Petr. Geol. Taiwan, 13, 25-35, 1976.
Suppe, J., Mechanics of mountain building and metamorphism in Taiwan, Geol. Soc.
China Mem., 4, 67-89, 1981.
Suppe, J., Kinematics of arc-continent collision, flipping of subduction and back-arc
spreading near Taiwan, Geol. Soc. China Mem., 6, 21-33, 1984.
Wessel, P., and Smith, W. H. F., New, improved version of generic mapping tools
released, EOS trans., Amer. Geophys. U., 79, 47, 579, 1998.
Wu, F. T., Rau, R.-J. and Salzberg, David, Taiwan orogeny: thin skinned or
lithospheric collision?, Tectonophysics, 274, 191-220, 1997.
Wu, Y.-M., Chang, C.-H., Zhao, L., Teng, T.-L., Nakamura, M., A comprehensive
relocation of earthquakes in Taiwan from 1991 to 2005, Bull. Seis. Society Am.,
98, 3, 1471-1481, 2008.
Yu, S.-B., Chen, H.-Y. and Kuo, L.-C., Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan
area, Tectonophysics, 274, 41-59, 1997.
Yu, S.-B., Kuo, L.-C., Punongbayan, R. S., and Ramos, E. G., GPS observation of
crustal motion in the Taiwan-Luzon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 7, 923-926,
1999.
References (II)
Academia Sinica, Inst. of Geophys., Catalog of chinese earthquakes, Academia
Sinica, Peking, 361, 1970a (in Chinese).
Academia Sinica, Inst. of Geophys., Summary of large earthquakes in China (from
780 B.C. to February 1970, with magnitude ≧6), Academia Sinica, Peking, 29,
1970b (in Chinese).
Academia Sinica, Inst. of Geophys., Summary of large earthquakes in China (from
780 B.C. to February 1973, with magnitude ≧6), Academia Sinica, Peking, 31,
1974 (in Chinese).
Bakun, W. H., and Wentworth, C. M., Estimating earthquake location and magnitude
from seismic intensity data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 87, 6, 1502-1521, 1997.
Bakun, W. H., Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and
implications for the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B02304,
doi: 10.1029/2004JB003329, 2005.
Båth, M., Earthquake magnitude – recent research and current trends, Earth-Sci. Rev.,
17, 315-398, 1981.
Benioff, H., Earthquakes and rock creep, part 1, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 44, 31-62,
1951.
Bonilla, M. G., A review of recently active faults in Taiwan, U.S. Geol. Survey
Open-File Report, 75-41, 1975.
Central Geological Survey, MOEA, Active fault map of Taiwan, 2005.
Chang, C.-P., Chang, T.-Y., Angelier, J., Kao, H., Lee, J.-C., and Yu, S.-B., Strain and
stress field in Taiwan oblique convergent system: constraints from GPS
observation and tectonic data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 115-127, 2003.
Chang, H.-C., Lin, C.-W., Chan, M.-M., and Lu, S.-T., An Introduction to the active
faults of Taiwan: Explanatory text of the active fault, Central Geological Survey,
10, 103, 2000 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Chang, T.-Y., Seismotectonique de Taiwan, Ph.D. dissertation, l‟Université P. & M.
Curie, Paris, France, 305, 2002 (in French).
Cheng, S.-N., and Yeh, Y.-T., Catalog of the earthquakes in Taiwan from 1604 and
1988, Inst. Earth Sci., Acad. Sinica, Taipei, 255, 1989 (in Chinese).
Davis, D., Suppe, J., and Dahlen, F. A., Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and
accretionary wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 88, B2, 1153-1172, 1983.
Deffontaines, B., Lacombe, O., Angelier, J., Chu, H.-T., Moutherereau, F., Lee, C.-T.,
Deramond, J., Lee, J.-F., Yu, M.-S., and Liew, P.-M., Quaternary transfer faulting
in the Taiwan Foothills: evidence from a multisource approach, Tectonophysics,
274, 61-82, 1997.
Fang, H., A compilation of historical records of Taiwan earthquakes before the
twentieth century, Selection of Own Writings on Sixtieth Birthday, 693-737,
1969 (in Chinese).
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and
acceleration, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 32, 3, 163-191, 1942.
Gutenberg, B., Amplitudes of P, PP and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes,
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 35, 57-69, 1945.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., Magnitude and energy of earthquakes, Ann.
Geofis., 9, 1-15, 1956a.
Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and
acceleration (second paper), Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 46, 105-145, 1956b.
Hsiao, N.-G., The application of real-time strong-motion observations on the
earthquake early warning in Taiwan, Ph.D. dissertation, National Central
University, Chungli, Taiwan, 2007 (in Chinese).
Hsieh, Y. S., A new scale of seismic intensity adapted to the conditions in chinese
territory, Acta Geophys. Sinica, 6, 35-47, 1957 (in Chinese with English
abstract).
Hsu, H., Source materials on the history of natural disasters in Ching Taiwan,
Disaster Prevention Research Report 72-01, National Science Council, 3-22,
1983a (in Chinese).
Hsu, M.-T., Estimation of earthquake magnitudes and seismic intensities of
destructive earthquakes in the Ming and Ching Eras, Meteorological Report,
Taiwan, 29, 4, 1-18, 1983b (in Chinese).
Hu, J.-C., Yu, S.-B., Angelier, J., and Chu, H.-T., Active deformation of Taiwan from
GPS measurements and numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 106,
2265-2280, 2001.
Hu, J.-C., Hou, C.-S., Shen, L.-C., Chan, Y.-C., Chen, R.-F., Huang, C., Rau, R.-J.,
Chen, K.-H., Lin, C.-W., Huang, M.-H., and Nien, P.-F., Fault activity and lateral
extrusion inferred from velocity field revealed by GPS measurements in the
Pingtung area of southwestern Taiwan, J. Asian Earth Sci., 31, 287-302, 2007.
Kanamori, H., The energy release in great earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 20,
2981-2987, 1977.
Kanamori, H., Quantification of earthquakes, Nature, 271, 411-414, 1978.
Kao, H., Liu, Y.-H., and Jian, P.-R., Source parameters of regional earthquakes in
Taiwan: January-December 1997, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 12, 431-439,
2001a.
Kao, H., and Jian, P.-R., Seismogenic patterns in the Taiwan region: Insights from
source parameter inversion of BATS data, Tectonophysics, 333, 179-198, 2001b.
Kawasumi, H., Intensity and magnitude, Zisin, 15, 6-12, 1943 (in Japanese).
Lee, W. H. K., Wu, F. T., and Jacobsen, C., A catalog of historical earthquakes in
China complied from recent chinese publications, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 66, 6,
2003-2016, 1976.
Lin, K.-C., Hu, J.-C., Ching, K.-E., Angelier, J., Rau, R.-J., Yu, S.-B., Tsai, C.-H.,
Shin, T.-C. and Huang, M.-H., GPS crustal deformation, strain rate, and seismic
activity after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
B07404, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006417, 2010.
Omori, F., Earthquake of the Chiayi area, Taiwan, 1906: Introduction of Earthquake,
103-147, 1907a (in Japanese).
Omori, F., Preliminary note on the Formosa earthquake of March 17, 1906: Bull. Imp.
Earthquake Investigation Committee, 1, 2, 53-69, 1907b.
Ota, Y., Chen, Y.-G., and Chen, W.-S., Review of paleoseismological and active faults
studies in Taiwan in the light of the Chichi earthquake of September 21, 1999,
Tectonophysics, 408, 63-77, 2005.
Richter, C. F., An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 25,
1-32, 1935.
Richter, C. F., Elementary seismology, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco,
768pp., 1958.
Shimazaki, K. and Nakata, Time-predictable recurrence model for large earthquakes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 4, 279-282, 1980.
Shin, T.-C., Tsai, Y.-B., and Wu, Y.-M., Rapid response of large earthquakes in
Taiwan using a realtime telemetered network of digital accelerographs, 11th
World Conf. Earthq. Engin., Acapulco, Mexico, 2137, 1996.
Shin, T.-C., and Chang, G.-S., Taiwan earthquake observation system, 921 Chi-Chi
earthquake, National Science Council, 43-59, 2005 (in Chinese).
Stefánsson, R. and Halldórsson, P., Strain release and strain build-up in the south
Iceland seismic zone, Tectonophysics, 152, 267-276, 1988.
Suppe, J., Mechanics of mountain building and metamorphism in Taiwan, Geol. Soc.
China Mem., 4, 67-89, 1981.
Suppe, J., Kinematics of arc-continent collision, flipping of subduction and back-arc spreading near Taiwan, Geol. Soc. China Mem., 6, 21-33, 1984.
Tsai, Y.-B., A study of disastrous earthquakes in Taiwan, 1683-1895, Bull. Inst. Earth
Sc., Acad. Sin., 5, 1-44, 1985.
Wang, J.-H., Magnitude scales and their relations for Taiwan earthquakes: A review,
Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 3, 449-468, 1992.
Wessel, P., and Smith, W. H. F., New, improved version of generic mapping tools
released, EOS trans., Amer. Geophys. U., 79, 47, 579, 1998.
Wu, F.-T., Rau, R.-J., and Salzberg, D., Taiwan orogeny: thin skinned or lithospheric
collision? Tectonophysics, 274, 1-3, 191-220, 1997a.
Wu, Y.-M., Chen, C.-C., Shin, T.-C., Tsai, Y.-B., Lee, W. H. K., and Teng, T.-L.,
Taiwan rapid earthquake information release system, Seism. Res. Lett., 68,
931-943, 1997b.
Yeh, Y.-T., Cheng, S.-N., Hu, Y.-K., Shin, T.-C., and Chen, T.-G., Estimation of the
location and the magnitude of several earthquakes catalogue in the region of
Taiwan (II), Bull. Technique Report on Seism., Central Weather Bureau, 8-2,
219-238, 1994 (in Chinese).
Yu, S.-B., and Chen, H.-Y., Global positioning system measurements of crustal
deformation in the Taiwan arc-continent collision zone, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic
Sci., 5, 477-498, 1994.
Yu, S.-B., Chen, H.-Y., and Kuo, L.-C., Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan
area, Tectonophysics, 274, 41-59, 1997.
Yu, S.-B., Kuo, L.-C., Punongbayan, R. S., and Ramos, E. G., GPS observation of
crustal motion in the Taiwan-Luzon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 7, 923-926,
1999.
References (III)
Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA, Active fault map of Taiwan, 2005.
Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA, Active fault map of Taiwan, 2010.
Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA, Active faults monitoring system project
(5/5), CGS Report no. 95-10, project no. 5226902000-02-95-03, 2006.
Chang, Y.-J., Surface deformation and subsurface structure of the southern Taoyuan
tablelands, northwestern Taiwan, M.S. thesis, 219pp, Natl. Central Univ., Jhongli,
2008.
Chang, C.-P., Chen, K.-S., Wang, C.-T., Yen, J.-Y., Chang, T.-Y., Lin, C.-W.,
Application of space-borne radar interferometry on crustal deformations in
Taiwan: A perspective from the nature of events, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 15, 3,
445-466, 2004.
Ho, C. S., A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 125, 1-16,
1986.
Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., Kampes, B., A new method for measuring
deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent
scatterers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23611, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021737, 2004.
Lin, A. T. S., Watts, A. B. and Hesselbo, S. P., Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence
history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region, Basin Res., 15,
453-478, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00215.x, 2003.
Massonnet, D., Rossi, M., Carmona, C., Adragna, F., Peltzer, G., Feigl, K., Rabaute,
T., The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar
interferometry, Nature, 364, 138-142, 1993.
Massonnet, D., Feigl, K. L., Radar interferometry and its application to changes in
the earth‟s surface, Rev. of Geophys., 36, 4, 441-500, 1998.
Ng, S. M., Angelier, J., Chang, C.-P., Earthquake cycle in Western Taiwan: Insights
from historical seismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 178, 2, 753-774, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04164.x, 2009.
Pathier, E., Fruneau, B., Deffontaines, B., Angelier, J., Chang, C.-P., Yu, S.-B., Lee,
C.-T., Coseismic displacements of the footwall of the Chelungpu fault caused by
the 1999, Taiwan, Chi-Chi earthquake from InSAR and GPS data, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 212, 1-2, 73-88, 2003.
Shih, T.-T., Chang, J.-C., Hwang, C.-E., Shih, C.-D., Yang, G.-S., Sunlin, Y.-M., A
geomorphological study of active fault in northern and eastern Taiwan,
Geographical Res., 9, 20-72 (in Chinese), 1983.
Shimazaki, K. and Nakata, Time-predictable recurrence model for large earthquakes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 4, 279-282, 1980.
Shyu, J. B. H., Sieh, K., Chen, Y.-C., Liu, C.-S., Neotectonic architecture of Taiwan
and its implications for future large earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B08402,
doi:10.1029/2004JB003251, 2005.
Suppe, J., Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding, Am. J. Sci., 283, 684-721
1983.
Wang, C.-Y., Chiu, J.-D., Lin, L.-A., The detection of three active faults on the
Taoyuan terrace, northwestern Taiwan by shallow reflection seismic, Terr. Atmos.
Oceanic Sci., 12, 4, 599-614, 2001.
Wang, Y., Morphotectonics in Taoyuan-Hsinchu area, Northwestern Taiwan, M.S.
thesis, 110pp, Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, 2003.
Ward, S. N., A multidisciplinary approach to seismic hazard in southern California,
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 1293-1309, 1994.
Wessel, P., Smith, W.H.F., New, improved version of generic mapping tools released,
EOS trans., Am. Geophys. U., 79, 47, 579, 1998.
Wu, Y.-M., Chang, C.-H., Zhao, L., Teng, T.-L., Nakamura, M., A comprehensive
relocation of earthquakes in Taiwan from 1991 to 2005, Bull. Seis. Society Am.,
98, 3, 1471-1481, 2008.
References (IV)
Hsiao, N.-G., The application of real-time strong-motion observations on the
earthquake early warning in Taiwan, Ph.D. dissertation, National Central
University, Chungli, Taiwan, 2007 (in Chinese).
Hsu, M.-T., Seismology, Lee-Ming Culture Publication Company, Taipei, Taiwan,
16-26, 1979 (in Chinese).
Wood, H. O., and Neumann, F., Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931, Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am., 21, 277-283, 1931.
Wu, Y.-M., Hsiao, N.-C., Teng, T.-L., and Shin, T.-C., Near real-time seismic damage
assessment of the rapid reporting system, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 13, 313-324,
2002.
Wu, Y.-M., Teng, T.-L., Shin, T.-C., and Hsiao, N.-C., Relationship between peak
ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and intensity in Taiwan, Bull. Seism.
Soc. Am., 93, 1, 386-396, 2003.